Iceland
So’edaay-Kanatal[1]
[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot](kuwaping a sowal: 冰島; sowal no So’edaay-kitakit:Ísland)O itiraay i Saka’amisan Tasiyang-Riyar a Kanatalan-Kitakit, o kamaro’an itira i katatekoan no Saka’amisan Tasiyang-Riyar ato Ska’amisay-ciso’edaay-Riyar, o cecay a kitakit no Saka’amisay-Yoropa kitakit.[2]o kakahad sera nona kitakit ira ko 10.3 ’ofad km², o tamdaw ira ko 36 ’ofad ko tamdaw, nikawrira, o sasafaay ko kaditek no tamdaw itini i Yoropa.[3] o sasafaay ko kaditek itini i kalokitakit. O tatapangan tokay no So‘edaay-Kanatal o Roykoyawiko, o sakakaay a tokay no So‘edaay-Kanatal.[4] i ngata no syoto i sakatimolan-sa‘etip a macekcek ko tamdaw to tosa no kalitolo, latek ira ko 24 ’ofad. Ona kitakit itiraay i kolol noTasiyan-Riyar,[5] adihay ko Cinamalay-lotok, cilacila ira ko kangernger no sota’. I laloma’ay a karopaw o dafdaf, malaklak ko kaira no tafotafokan, o mafasawyay to matododay a fokeloh ato so’eda-‘alo. talacowa itiraay i saka’amisan a poco’ no cikiw ko kaitirran, nikawria ira ko cirahoday-rakat no Saka’amisay-Tasiyang itini.
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Nengnengen ko “micowatay tamdaw a nitilidan”, so'edacen ko mihecaan o tayniay a tamdaw no Yoropa itiraay i 874 mihecaan, oya Wicin-tamdaw ca Inko-Yanason masafeleng ko sa’ayaway a tayni maro’ ton apala, i’ayaw nangra ‘edengan o milafin aca itini i So’eday-Kanatal to kasi’enawan,[6] to ikor pinapina a sici, o Sekantinawiya-tamdaw tayniay a maro’, mihawikit to Kayer-Koli a tayni. 1262 miheca tahira i 1814 mihecaan malocecay a pecih no Norway ko Sa’edaay-Kanatal, ikor to i,makowan no Tanmay-Norwi Matateko’ay Hontian-Kitakit. 1918 miheca milekal ko So’edaay-Kanatal to misiiked tahira to i 1944 miheca mipatireng to kapolongan-kitakit. i’ayaw no saka 20 sici, o sakakaay saka’orip no So’edaay-Kanatal o mifotingay ato liomah, orasaka o sasafaay ko kacemahad a kitakit itini i Yoropa. I Sakatosa-Lalood i 1940 miheca saka 4 folad saka 9 romi’ad licoen no Nacoy-Toic ko Tanmay miso’eco a mifolaw to Norwi, pacarcar a misiiked ko So’edaay-Kanatal. O Riyaray-sofitay no Toic misarakarakat i Ka’amisay-Riyar patalaw to Ikiris na onian ko sapi’eco no Ikiris to So’edaay-Kanatal i 1940 miheca saka 5 folad, to sapitakeraw to kacakat no sofitay no Toic i So’edaay-Kantal mafolkok ko sak’amisan no Ikiris, 1941 miheca saka 6 folad o sofitay no Amirika ato Kanata aro’ sa to i So’edaay-Kanatal, tahira to kaleponan no Sakatosa-Lalood o sofitay no Ikiris, Amirika ato Kanata miliyas to So’edaay-Kanatal, itini a mahapinang ko kakalimelaan no kaitiraan no So’edaay-Kanatal. Ono kikayan a pifoting ato pidahof no Amirika Masiyar-Halaka to ikor no Sakatosa-Lalood ko sakacemahad no So’edaay-Kanatal, 1990 miheca macakat malacemahaday-kitakit ko So’edaay-Kanatal. 1994 miheca mikapot to Yoropa-Sakacemahad Etal, o faco no saka’orip mipacomod to paysoan demak, orasako adihay ko kasasiromaroma a saka’orip.
O cefang no Linheko, Saka’amisay Tasiyang-Riyaran a Kakaketonan Lekatep(North Atlantic Treaty Organization, NATO), Paifaloco'ay-Kali'aca a katatelekan(European Free Trade Association),Sakacemahad-Etal no Yoropa, Saka’amisay-Licikay no Yoropa, Sakapapadang ato sakacemahad a Lekatep ko So’edaay-Kanatal, nikawrira, cowa ka pikapot to Yoropa Lekatep(European Union, EU). O malali’acaay ko kiecay no So’edaay-Kanatal, i safaay ko sata no So’edaay-Kanatal pasasositiri’en ato cefang no Sakapapadang ato sakacemahad a Lekatep, ira heca ko paini no sifo to sakarihaday a hokin no sakanatektek no tatirengan ato tata’angay pitilidan. 2014 mihecaan itiraay i saka 13 rayray no Sa’osi no Kacemahadan no Tamdaw(Human Development Index) no pisa’osi no Linheko, ianiniay hekal o sacipaysoay, sakakaay ko ‘orip no tamdaw ko So’edaay-Kantal, tada mamangay ko kasatiwtiw no cipaysoay ato pakoyoc.
O punka no So’edaay-Kanatal tada malareceapy ato Saka’amisay-Yoropa o punka no Sekantinawiya, sahetoay o teloc no Sekantinawiya-tamdaw ato Kayer-tamdaw. o sowal no So’edaay-Kanatal ono cecay a ca’ang no Ka’amisay-Lerman a sowal, itiraay i Katelangay Nors-sowal, mingatay ato Falo-soal ato caciyaw no saka’etipay no Norwi. O rocok no punka o to’asan dateng no So’edaay-Kanatal, ’olic, ato isasifo’ay-sici a Saka(薩迦;So’edaay-Kanatal sowal:saga).[7]
I cefang no Saka’amisay Tasiyang-Riyaran a Kakaketonan Lekatep o saawaay ko tamdaw a kitakit ko So’edaay-Kanatal, orasaka, awaay ko sofitay, ‘edengan o mitapalay a sofitay no riyar, yo itiya ho Ki’etecay-Lalood sahetoay o sofitay no Amirika ko maro‘ay itini a midipot.
Rikisi(歷史)
[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]
I saka 9 sici ato saka 10 sici mafolaway i’ayaw no katayni tona pala ko Sekantinawiya-tamdaw ato Kayerto-tamdaw, dengan to o Niwsilan ko saikoray a aro’en no tamdaw. I 930 miheca, mipatireng to sa’ayaway a Kalomaocan itini i hekal, patokeled sa patireng to Paifaloco’ay-Kitakit a So’edaay-Kanatal, talcowa ca ka halafing ko kairaan nonini Kalomaocan. ira ko tilid to pahapinangan, o sinpo no Ayerlan i’ayaw no kataynian no saka’amisay-tamdaw tayniay to i So’edaay-Kanatal a maro’ sanany, nikawrira awaay kosapipawacay a mikarkaran a dafong.
Patokitok a misiiked ko So’edaay-Kanatal to 300 mihecaan, to ikor makowan no Norwi ato Tanmay. 1814 miheca o Norwi-Tanmay Patatekoan Hontian-Kitakit mido’edo to “Cier-Kakaketonan” misalilam a mikowan, ikor to i,malamicongcongay-kitakit no Tanmay. 1874 miheca, pafelien no sifo no Tanmay ko So’edaay-Kanatal to citolasay a sakowan, 1918 miheca matatilid to kapolongan-rikec ko Tanmay ato So’edaay-Kanatal, mihayi ko Tanmay to So’edaay-Kanatal Hontian-Kitakit(o Honti no Tanmay ko patokeleday), malamicongacongay-kitakit no Tanmay a cisalongocay kitakit, nanoyanan pakaala to matiyaay o nidipotan-kitakit pisiiked ato salongoc i laloma’an a demak, o sapisawidang to roma a kitakit ato sapidipot to kitakit a sofitay o Tanmay ho komitatoyay. 1940 miheca, Nacoy-Toic i Sakatosa-Laloodan mi’eco a maro’ to So’edaay-Kanatal, tangsol sa a milekal ko So’edaay-Kanatal miliyas to pikowan no Tanmay a misiiked, nikawrira, cowa ka pisawad to cowa ka pisakakinih a lekakawa, o Kalomaocan no So’edaay-Kanatal milekal to miala patatikol to salongoc no sapisawidang to roma kitakit ato roma a demak.
O fa’elohay a So’edaay-Kanatal o mikapotay to Saka’amisay Tasiyang-Riyaran a Kakaketonan Lekatep(NATO), patokeled sa makaketon ato Amirika to sapipa’adingaw to So’edaay-Kanatal a kakaketonan, ano do’edoen kano kakaketonan maro’ ko sofitay no Amirika i Cifolawiko, tahira i 2006 miheca saka 9 folad ha’emin sato ko sofitay no Amirika miliyas tona kitakit, tahanini awaay ho ko noniyah a sofitay ko So’edaay-Kanatal.
Ikor to pinapina a polo’ ko mihecaan, o pasitiraay to mifotingay ko sakakaay saka’orip nona kitakit,oninian ko cilacila macacoli ato malafiyaway a kitakit a mala’afas to pifotingan a kinaira, ilaloma’ nonini i,ira ko “Lalood no Tala-foting” [8][9]ato Ikiris. Tona pina a mihecaan, misa’adihay to katayalan to misanga’ay to dafong a demak, macemahad ko pisanga’ to ’oteng-tayal, caay ka patolas ko paifaloco’ay ato paitekeday a demak to saka’orip. I 2008 mihecaan, ira ko fangafang no pakipaysoay demak, makadkad ko adihayay a kafalic no sieci. Pakaynien no So’edaay-Kanatal i EEZ ko sapikapot to Yoropa Sak’oripa-Etal, nikawrira cowa ka picomod to Yoropa-Lekatep. 2009 miheca saka 7 folad saka 17 romi’ad, mipahapinang to sapicomodaw a mikapot to Yoropa-Lekatep a misinsi, nikawrira, mafalah to pisinsi i 2015 miheca saka 3 folad saka 12 romi’ad.
Kaitiraan(地理)
[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]Matatapal ato Kolinlan-Kanatal, isaka’etipan malaladed to Tanmay-riyaran Ta’eman, isakwlaian misi’ayaw to Norwi-riyar, isaka’amisan o Kolinla-riyar, isakatimolan o Tasiyang-Riyar. O saka’amisan a Yoropa-Kitakit.
Mingata’ay to saka’amisan poco’ no cikiw, katimol i,o Lafafaay- riyariyaan kakarayan., isaka’amisan o cidamayay-kakarayan. o kakahad no sera ira ko 10.3km².
Tadamasiwar no Saka’amisay Tasiyang-riyar a rakat no nanom, sakakaay nani kakitmol a romakat, ira ko cinowas rakat pasika’etip ato pasika’amis ko rakat. Orasaka, talacowa itiniay i Saka’amisan-Poco’ no cikiw, cowa ka tadasi’enaw ko romi’ad i kasi’enawan, ikaciferangan o ‘edef nona kanatal itiraay i 7~12°C.
Kalifalicay ko romi’ad itini,o ‘aliyos no fali mihawikid to adihayay a ‘orad, sakatimolan no saka’etip ato saka’etip o ‘orad to cecay amihecan ira ko 1000-2000mm ko kaadihay, isaka’amisan ato saka’amis no sakawalian mamangay to ko ‘orad irak ko 400-600 mm. ano icowaay to kakarayan latek ma’orad ato ciso’eda.
Matenakay ko damay no pala, ocirengosay a sera mahaop ko 24% ko kakahad, orasaka, cemahad ko paka’enay to ’a’adopen. O kakahad no kilakilangan latek ira mahaop ko 1.37%, itiraay i misoikoray to fali ato misi’ayaway to cidal a ‘apilisan ato ta’eman no lotok, o sirakapa a kililang ko sakakaay, tona pinapina a miheca mipacomoday tono kasi’enawan a caleng no Yoropa, manga’ay ko ka lengaw nona caleng.
Saka’orip(經濟)
[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]
O skakaay a saka’orip no So’edaay-Kanatal o mifotingay a tayal, o nifotingan ira ko 60% o mala’etan a mipaliwal i roma a kitakit, o mifotingay tamdaw mahaop ko 8%. 2005 mihecaan a mila’oman a dafong no kahacecay a loma’ macakat to 11.9%, o dafong no loma’ macakat to 34.5% onini ko sakacakat no Kapolongan Nitayalan 'Epoc no Ilaloma'an no kitakit( GDP). O nipacomodan a dafong macakat to 28.4% ko kaadihay oninian ko sakacakat no sipon to 1620 kolang(24.3’ok no Amirika pasyso), mahaop ko GDP to 16.3%, ona sipon ko miso’otay to kacomahad no saka’orip.
I 2008 mihecaan, ira ko fangafang no pakipaysoay demak,inacilaay a cecay mihecaan, o serer ko payso no So’edaay-Kanatal to pifalic to payso no Yoropa to 80%. i saka9 folad saka 30 romi’ad, o sifo to ko mikowanay to tolo a kinko. i saka 10 folad saka 7 romi’ad tongalen heca no sifo a mikowan ko sakakaay kinko nona kitakit o “kitakit-kinko no So’edaay-Kanantal”(Landsbanki Islands)[10]. O kalomaocan no So’edaay-Kanatal miopod a misanga’ to rikec to sapisamadahaw no kasipon nona fangafang no paysoan. Oninian a kinko siwaay ko ta’edipan to Kapolongan Nitayalan 'Epoc no Ilaloma'an no kitakit( GDP), o polong a payso ira ko 140 ‘ok a Yoropa-Payso, hato mamapinko sato ko kinko no So’edaay-Kanatal.[11]o congli ci Kayer-Haerto mipasifana’ a somowal o mamapinko to So’edaay-Kanatal saan,[12]
O sa’osi i 1980 miheca, o malaan a foting ira ko 1,500,839 ton, ma’icangay-rengos ira ko 3,879,000 m3,malinso 15,341 ton, saytaw 902 ton, siri 827,927, ‘efa 52,346, kolong 59,933, diyong 12,965, koko’ ato maymay 310,724.
Tamdaw (人口)
[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]Itiyaay ho i 1703 miheca ko sakakinacecay a pisa’osi to tamdaw, itiya ira ko 50358 ko tamdaw, tahira to i 1801 miheca makerer ira ko 47240 ko tamdaw. I saka 19sici matongalay to mamang ko tamdaw, i 1901 miheca matongal tahira i 78470 ko tamdaw. I satapangan no saka 20 sici macakat ko kacemahad no saka’orip, ngalef sa ko ka’aloman no tamdaw, i 1940 miheca ira ko 121474 ko tamdaw. I kalaloodan i Sakatosa-Laloodan ato ikor no lalood, macakat ko ‘orip no tamtamdaw, macakat ko ka’aloman no tamdaw; i 1950 mihecahecan ko sakakaay ko ka’aloman no tamdaw, nikawrira, tahira to i ikor no 1960 mihecaan malowan sanay to ko tamdaw, nawhani malowanay ko sofoc, mafolaw ho tayra i roma a kitakit. tahira to i ikor no 1990 mihecaan sakali’eki sa ko kacemahad no saka’orip no So’edaay-Kanatal, macakat ko sofoc no wawa, malowan ko mafolaway tamdaw no So’edaay-Kanatal, ‘aloman heca ko tayniay a mafolaw ko Sa’etipay-Yoropa ato Aciya a tamdaw. tahira to i 2006 miheca saka 1 folad saka 9 romi’ad, o tamdaw no So’edaay-Kanatal tahiraay to i 30 ‘ofad ko tamdaw, oni pasadakan no So’edaay-Kanatal Pisa’osian no Kitakit i 2006 miheca saka 3 folad saka 28 romi’ad a sa’osi, i 2005 mihecaan, o polong a mapatayay tamdaw no So’edaay-Kanatal ira ko 1836 ko tamdaw, o fainayan 945 ko tamdaw, fafahiyan 891 ko tamdaw, o nikalecad no mapatayay 0.645, o lalen a ‘orip no fainayan 78.9%, fafahiyan82.8%. Cowa ka hakowa kotamdaw, orasaka so'edacen ko mihecaan to tolo a kasa’orip o malawinawinaay to.
Ono aniniay ira ko 332,529 ko tamdaw, malaklakay a maro’ i 103,000km² a sera nona kitakit.
Pitooran (宗教)
[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]O miskristoay ko sakakaay a pitooran no So’edaay-Kanatal, mahaop ko 86% no polong a tamdaw o mitooray to Fa’elohay-Pitooran(Loto-Rekad), o roma i, o Roma Tinsikiw ato roma a kasarekad no pitooran.
Punka (文化)
[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]O sowal no Sakapapadang ato sakacemahad a Lekatep(經濟合作暨發展組織,簡稱經合組織; Ikiris a sowal:Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development，OECD), o pihareteng no tamdaw no So’edaay-Kanatal tadamasasirahekeray.[13] I 2010 miheca saka 6 folad saka 27 romi’ad, o saka 9 rayray to mihayiay to Malecaday-tatirengan a raramod itini i hekal, tona romi’ad o congtong no So’edaay-Kanatal ci Yohana-Siyielcatoti laheci sato ko kararamod ato halafingay to malacafay a fafahiyan.
Pacefaday a tilid(註腳)
[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]- ↑ 冰島時常被稱為「冰島共和國」（[1] [2]），在冰島語中亦時稱「Lýðveldið Ísland」，但該國官方名稱僅為「冰島」。《冰島憲法》的冰島語名稱為「Stjórnarskrá lýðveldisins Íslands」即「冰島共和國憲法」，但「共和國」一詞並未加注大寫。冰島總統的官方頭銜為「Forseti Íslands」，亦不包括「共和國」一詞。
- ↑ The Encyclopedia of World Geography, Greenwich Editions, London, UK(2004), ISBN 0-96288-328-8, P.211 "The Nordic Countries".
- ↑ Statistics Iceland. Government. The National Statistical Institute of Iceland. 2008-09-14 [2008-09-14]. （原始內容存檔於2008-09-14）.
- ↑ Don Young. Reykjavik Iceland & its Surroundings. Hunter Publishing, Inc. 2009-09-02: 30 [2011-05-20]. ISBN 978-1-58843-798-3. （原始內容存檔於2012-11-12）.
- ↑ CIA – The World Fact book – Iceland. United States Government. 2006-07-20 [2006-08-06]. （原始內容存檔於2008-03-06）.
- ↑ Tomasson, Richard F. Iceland, the first new society. U of Minnesota Press. 1980: 63. ISBN 0-8166-0913-6.
- ↑ 是指冰島及北歐地區的一種特有文學。此語語源本意之一是「小故事」，後來演變成「史詩」、「傳奇」的意思。薩迦廣義的意義可用於廣泛的文學作品，例如聖徒傳記、史著和各類的世俗小說，包括用冰島文或挪威文翻譯的他國傳說及歷史。而狹義上的意義，薩迦僅指傳奇小說和歷史小說。
- ↑ Habeeb, William. 6. Power and Tactics in International Negotiations: How Weak Nations Bargain with Strong Nations. Johns Hopkins University Press. 1988.
- ↑ Cook, Bernard A. Europe Since 1945: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. 27 January 2014: 605. ISBN 978-1-135-17932-8 （英語）.
- ↑ 陳家齊. 冰島面臨全國破產. 台灣經濟日報. 2008-10-08 [2008-10-08]. （原始內容存檔於2008-10-11） （中文（臺灣））.
- ↑ Yahoo Finance - Business Finance, Stock Market, Quotes, News. biz.yahoo.com. [2008-10-08]. （原始內容存檔於2008-10-11）.
- ↑ 存档副本. [2009-07-08]. （原始內容存檔於2012-07-02）.
- ↑ OECD Better Life Index. oecdbetterlifeindex.org. [2022-12-08] （英語）.
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