Congo,Republic
Kangko Kapolongan Kitakit( kuwaping a sowal: 剛果共和國; Fransu a sowal:République du Congo；Citopa a sowal:Repubilika ya Kongo; Linkala a sowal:Republiki ya Kongó; 簡稱剛果)[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]
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O itiraay I sasifo’an no Afrika a kitakit,o syoto i o Polasa-Tokay. Malafiyaway ato Kangko Finawlan Kapolongan Kitakit, Komaylong, Sifo’ay-Kapolongan Kitakit, Kapong ato Ankola, mingataay to Cinoyia-Kihaw. Nano kairaan no tamdaw maro’ itini o Panto tamdaw ko mikowanay, to ikor malamikowanan no Franso, ono Franso to a sowal ko kalosowal, i 1960 miheca misiiked a patireng to kitakit. Nani 1970 miheca tahira i 1991 miheca o Kangko Finawlan Kapolongan Kitakit ko ngangan nona kitakit, o mido’edoay to Makosu-Linin a Cecayay-Faco no Sieci a tang, I 1992 miheca mafalic to Adihayay-Lekatep no Sieci a kitakit, nikawrira, i 1997 miheca ira ko Laloma’an no kitakit a lalood matekop kona sifo.
Rikisi(歷史)[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]
O sa’ayaway a patirengay to Kongko Hontian-Kitakit I, o Panto-tamdaw I teloc no saka13 sici ato satapangan no saka 14 sici, o nikowanan a sera mahaop ko Ankora, Kapong, ato Kongko Finawlan-Kapolongan kitakit. Itira I kaleponan no saka15 sici tayni ko Yoropa a tamdaw misatapang a miliwal to koli(大西洋奴隸貿易), tahira to I saka 19 sici itira toya Polin-Kayki (柏林會議; Toic a sowal:Berliner Konferenz；Ikiris a sowal:Berlin Conference. O kongko-Kayki: 剛果會議; Toic a sowal:Kongokonferenz; anoca o Sa’etipay Afrika Kayki西非會議; Toic a sowal:Westafrika-Konferenz) hananay ho pangangan. Itini tona kayki a miketon to sowal pakayni to i Konko-’Alo ko kalalaedan no Fransu-Nikowanan ato Mikotoday-Piliso a Kongko. 1910 miheca mipatireng to Mikotoday-Franso a Sifo’ay-konis no Cikiw a Afrika, mahaop ko Kongko-Kapolongan kitakit, Kapong.Cate ato Sifo’ay-Afrika Kapolongan kitakit,o Polasa-Tokay ko Syoto.
I Sakatosa-Lalood, o sifo no Mikotoday-Franso a Sifo’ay-konis no Cikiw a Afrika kitakit micoker to congtong no Fransu ci Taykawlo Tapang no Sofitay, 1940-1943 matoro’ ko Polasa-Tokay matiya o tanengnengan to naifaloco’ay a Franso.
1958 miheca saka 9 folad, ira ko pitopa no polong tamdaw no Franso to pihayi to fa’elohay Tatapangan Rikec no Kitakit to pipalasawad to Mikotoday-Franso a Sifo’ay-konis no Cikiw a Afrika kitakit, oya mikapotay i Franso a sepatay kitakit alamisiied sa patireng to niyah a kitakit. Itira to i 1960 miheca saka 8 folad saka 15 romi’ad laheci sato ko pisiiked no Kongko kitakit tahanini.yo misiiked to cilacila mafalic ko sifo, 1960 miheca malasa’ayaway congtong ci Folpi-yuru, caka halafin i 1963 miheca mafodfod to ’’Sakafalo- folad a pilolol” (「八月革命」) mapalasawad ko kalacongtong, ci Arfangs-Masangpa-Taypa ko malacongtongay, I 1968 miheca saka 7 folad saka31 romi’ad mafelih ni Malian-Enkowapi. Tocila a mihecaan falicen ko ngangan no kitakit to “Kongko Finawlan-Kapolongan Kitakit”. 1977 miheca mapatay no cima a tamdaw ci Malian-Enkowapi, ci Noacimo-Yongpi-Awpangko ko malacongtongay, tosa miheca mapalasawad no mikowanay a Matayalay-Tang no Kongko ko kalacongtong ni Noacimo, caka halafin malakakeridan no Matayalay-Tang no Kongko ci Toni-Saso-Enkuiso, patokeled ha a malacongtong.
1990 miheca saka7 folad, mifalah to Makos-Linin Ca’enot, nikawrira, mihadidi to Syakaysyuki, mihayi to “Adihayay ko Kasafelaw no Centang” mifalah to mitekeday a mikowan. To cila a mihecaan masasowal ko Polong-Lisaot to pihayi to Pacarcaray-Kinpo, milolol toya pisiikedan ho a ngangan no kitakit, hata ato radiw no kitakit. 1992 miheca,midemak to nakairaan no “Adihayay ko Kasafelaw no Centang” a sinkiw to congtong, o nihaopay to kalotamdaw a kakeridan ci Poskar-Lisopa ko maalaay malacongtong. 1997 miheca saka 6 folad, malengat ko lalood I laloma’ no kitakit, laliw sato to kitakit ci Lisopa, ci Saso to ko malacongtongay. To ikor to nonini a sinkiw, i 2002 miheca ato 2009 miheca kinatosa a maladid maala to sinkiw malacongtong tahanini.
Sieci(政治)[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]
O sieci no Kongko o Congtong-Nikapolongan Kitakit(總統制又稱為總統共和制), o polong no fanawlan ko misingkiway to congtong, pito muheca ko katayalan, kinacecay aca manga’ay a pararid malacongtong. o Tapang no kitakit, o kakeridan no sifo ato sarikec no sofitay ko congtong. Ira ho sakowan to mitoro’ to sakakaay matayalay no sifo, deng o congtong ko patosokan nona sakakaay matayalay. O pilisaotan no kitakit o Tosaay-Pikaykian-Faco, o Finawlan-Pikaykian ato Fafa’eday-Pikaykian, ona tosa a pikaykian malecad ira ko sakowan to misanga’ to rikec no kitakit. O Fafa’eday-Pokaykian ira ko 66 ko kiing, ilaloma’ nonini to 60 a kiing o mitopaay-saopo ko misinkiway, o ‘osaw to 6 a kiing i,o Por-Etal a misinkiwan, 6 miheca ko katayalan, kalotolo mihecaan miritos to cecay no kalitolo falicen a misinkiw; o Finawlan-Pikaykian ira ko 153 ko kiing, o finawlan ko mitopaay, 5 miheca ko katayalan, manga’ay pararid a masadak malakiing. O congtong ato pikaykian malalen ira ko sakowan a pasadak to sasanga’en a rikec, nikawrira, cowa ka ira ko sakowan no congtong to sapipalasawad to pikaykian, orama sa i,o pikaykian away ko sakowan to sapipalasawad to tayal no congtong ato tapang no sifo. Ano awa ko congtong o kakeridan no Fafa’eday-Pikaykian ko mamipacarcar malacongtong. o aniniay a congtong ci Teni-Saso-Enkuyso.
O aniniay a Tatapangan-Rikec no Kitakit i 2002 miheca saka 1 folad saka 20 romi’ad o finawlan ko mitopaay a mihayi, sa’osien o sakafalo a Tatapangan-Rikec no Kitakit itini I rikisi no Kongko. Namisiiked halafin ko Matayalay-Tang no Kongko ko maro’ay I sifo, ona Matayalay-Tang ci Malian-Enkowapi ‘ayaway congtong ko mipatirengay i 1959 miheca saka 12 folad saka 31 romi’ad, milekal o Kyosanto-Ca’enot a kasafelaw sanay. Nikawrira, 1990 miheca mifalah to Makoso-Linin Ca’enot, mihayi to roma a kasafelaw no ssieci. Ona kasafelaw no sieci nani 1992 miheca tahira i 1997 miheca saka 10 folad na malaheci ko lalood I laloma’ no kitakit caay ka maro’ to tayal no sifo.
Tamdaw (人口)[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]
Tona mihecahecaan narikay ko ka tongal no tamdaw no Kongko,nani pisiikedan patireng to kitakit i 1962 miheca ira ko 82 ‘ofad,[1] tahira to i 1986 miheca tahiraay to i 179 ‘ofad[2] ko katongal no tamdaw, 2017 miheca matongal ira ko 526 ‘ofad ko tamdaw.[3]
I laloma’ nonini i o Kongko(Bakongo) a tamdaw mahaop ko 48%, Sangka tamdaw mahaop ko 20%, Mupoci tamdaw mahaop ko 12%,Tiki tamdaw 17%, o Yoropa ato roma a finacadan 2% ano ira ko 3%. Itini i Kongko tadamadafdaf ko kala’intel kala’edes no finacadan,mangaleday ko i saka’amisay a Kongko tamdaw ato ikatimolay a Muooci ko kalatatoker. Ona kala’edes no finacadan nani 1993 miheca tahira I 1997 miheca o lalengatan no Laloma’ay Lalood no Kongko kitakit.
Sowal (語言)[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]
Ono kapolongan a sowal o Fransu a sowal. O roma o malasowalan itini i o Panto sowal. Ono sifoan a sowal tosaay:o Kitopa(Kituba) sowal ato Linkara (Lingála) a sowal, do’edo sa i,o Muposi sowal ato Pantiki sowal. Caay ko nini aca ira ho ko roma to cisafaw to 40 a sowal o Pikumi (Pygmy) a sowal.
O maro’ay I Kongko a tamdaw ira ko 30% [4]o Fransu a sowal ko hasowal to romi’ami’ad. O picyosa ni Omar Massoumou i,ikaka no 15 ko mihecaan a tamdaw nahaop ko 88% o Frabsu a sowal ko kalosowal to romi’ad,mafana’ a mitilid tono Fransu tilid.
O Kitopa a sowal o misalofan misarihaday nani Kongko a sowal,orasaka i katimol no Kongko a niyaro’ isalawacan no lalan no cilamalay a tamdaw ira ko 50/35% oninian ko sowal to romi’ami’ad.
O Panti sowal ira ko 18% tamdaw ko somowalay. O congton ci Toni-Sannukinso (Denis Sassou-Nguesso) o Linkara a sowal kokafana’an ningra, ona sowal o masowalay i ka’amis ato katimol no kitakit.O Patiki a sowal irako 18% ko somowalay,itiraay i Porato-Etal (Plateaux Department) ato Sa’etipay a Kyuputo-Etal (Cuvette-Ouest Department) a kalasowalen. Raly sowal o maramramay to Kongko sowal ato Kiti sowal , itiraay I Poro-Etal (Pool Department) a kalasowalen. O saadihayay a kalasowalen tona kitakit i,Kapalay-sowal (手語) o nani Nayciliya a kapalay-sowal,nikawrira, mirecepay i oinangan ato wayway no Kongko a tamdaw.
Saka’orip a dafong(經濟)[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]
O saka’orip a tayal no Kongko i,ira ko Liomah ato Nakamayan-Dafong, o Misanga’ay-to-Dafong o kasolin-simal a dafong ko sakakaay, maceroray to itiyaay ho a kilakilangan a pisanga’ to dafong. 1980 miheca macakat ko ‘aca no kasolin-simal, mapafahal ko kacakat no polongan-‘etan no Kongko, malasakalikiay a macakat ko kicay i Afrika. Nikawrira, 1994 miheca matefad ko ‘epoc no payso no Kongko tora Falang hananay to 50%, itira to ko kacakat no ‘aca no kalodafong to 61%. Ikor to i,ira ko ko padang no Hekalay-Kinko (World Bank，縮寫WB) ato Hekalay-Kiking no Payso a Lekatep (International Monetary Fund，縮寫：IMF) misahalaka sapisongila’aw to sapili’etan a demak.
Caka halafin malengat ko Laloma’ay-Lalood no Kongko, mapalasawad koya sapisongla’aw a demak. Macakat to ko aniniay a congtong, patokitok a micoroh to sapisongila’aw demak, nikawrira, cowa ka sacecay ko ‘aca no kasolin-simal, ira ho rawraw i laloma’ no kitakit, onini ko sakacaay a nga’ay to katayalan no tamdaw. I 2018 miheca saka 6 folad saka 22 romi’ad mikapot to Paliwalay to kalolin-simal kitakit a lekatep (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries，OPEC; Kuwaping a sowal:石油輸出國組織)[5]
Pacefaday a tilid(註腳)[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]
- ↑ ^ a b 「各国別 世界の現勢Ⅰ」（岩波講座 現代 別巻Ⅰ）p359 1964年9月14日第1刷 岩波書店
- ↑ 『アフリカを知る事典』、平凡社、ISBN 4-582-12623-5 1989年2月6日 初版第1刷 p.156
- ↑ 「データブック オブ・ザ・ワールド 2018年版 世界各国要覧と最新統計」p273 二宮書店 平成30年1月10日発行
- ↑ Délégation générale à la langue française et aux langues de France, référence 2006.
- ↑ https://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/gaiko/energy/opec/opec.html 「石油輸出国機構（OPEC：Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries）の概要」日本国外務省 平成31年1月4日 2020年4月14日閲覧