Luxembourg
Luxemburg (盧森堡)[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]
Luxemburg (Luxemburg sowal: Groussherzogtum Lëtzebuerg, France: Grand-Duché de Luxembourg; Germany: Großherzogtum Luxemburg), masowal Luxemburg (Luxemburg sowal: Lëtzebuerg, France: Luxembourg, Germany: Luxemburg), o ilaloma’ay no Europe a kitakit, o fiyaw a kitakit no France, Germany ato Belgium mataliyok, o ta’akay maci o Luxemburg si. O Luxemburg o kapot no Europe lekatep, laloma’ no kitakit ira ko hoying no Europe, pitomadaw yin no Europe, o pitelian to payso no Europe adihayay kacitodongan no Europe a lekatep masowal midotoc to Brusseis ato Strasbourg a “saka tolo ta’akay maci” no Europe lekatep.
Likisi (歷史)[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]
O likis no Luxemburg nai tenok n sici miteka misalof to polol no Luxemburg niyaro’. maherek mapatireng i, ngataay a niyaro’ miteka a comahad, a masaniyaro’. O satadamaanay kacidamaan no lalood ko Luxemburg, ikaka ko nengneng no France, Germany ato Netherland, honihoni i roma a kitakit ko Luxemburg. I 19 sici, o Luxemburg miteka a malasiikeday a kitakit o Netherland a kapolongan hontian kitakit a nipatatekoan, tangasa i pisiiked no Belgium itiya, miliyas ko Luxemburg to pikowan no Netherland.
Talacowa pasowal ko Luxemburg to tenokay ko pidotoc, nikawrira i 20 sici, kinapinapina macingcing no Germany ko Luxemburg. Saka 1 kalaloodan no hekal 1914 miheca 8 folad 2 romi’ad, Germany midemak to Schlieffen halaka lipalaw sa a micalap to Luxemburg ta micalap to Belgium ato France, mafohat ko kaetipay calay a kalaloodan, saka 2 kalalood no hekal itiya, ira ko pinapinaay a romakatay pakaefaay a sofitay no Luxemburg malafo no Nazi Germany a micalap to Belgium ato France a mimicingcing, mapatanic a malalekatep mikihatiya to lalood, nanoya i picalap no Germany cefit sa a katapi’an, mala o saka 2 lalood dengan cecay a mikihatiyaay to lalood awaayay ko madoka’ay mapatayay kitakit. Ikor no saka 2 lalood, caay to ko tenokay kitakit ko Luxemburg, mikihataya to Rihadayay a Malakapotay Faco no Saka'amisay Lekatep ato Europe Lekatep a kapot.
Sici (政治)[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]
O midemakay to Hontian Rikec ko Luxemburg. O sawara’an no kitakit o Luxemburg hongtian, o dengan to cecay i Europe ko hongtian kitakit. O citodongay to sakadademak o laloma’ay, mirikecay ono Kararemay kalomaocan citodongay. Kararemay kalomaocan ira ko 60 a lomaocay, 5 miheca ko rakad.
O kasasikiked a sakowan (行政區劃)[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]
Luxemburg malaliyaday to 12 sakowan (France: canton; Germany: Kanton; Luxemburg: Kanton), pasilaeno ko piliyad ira ko 102 a sicen niyaro’ (France: commune; Germany: Gemeinde; Luxemburg: Gemeng) [5]. Luxemburg ira ko 12 a sicen a niyaro’, o sata’akay maci ko Luxemburg.
Sa’etal (France: district; Germany: Distrikt; Luxemburg: Distrikt) o nano sa’ayaway kadademakan no Luxemburg itiya, I 2015 miheca 10 folad 3 romi’ad mapalasawaday to.
Pala (地理)[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]
O Luxemburg itiraay i sakaetip no Europe a laloma’ay sekal, o takaraw ko ka’amis paneer ko katimol, kawali mingata to Germany, katimol miingir to France, ka’amis ato kaetip o Belgium ko kakafit. Ka’amis ko Jardin ’akawangay sera, mademet ko kilakilang, katimol o masa’apoloay. O farawfaway ko romi’ad, farawfaw ko nai riyaray romi’ad, fangcalay ko talapalaen. O tadamaci ko Luxemburg ira ko “hana a maci” (city of flowers) ko pangangan. Kadofah ko marad. O tadamaanay a satena’ i tenok sici ko nian. Sa’akawangay ko Kneff lotok, ira ko 560 cm. mikikaka ho ko Burgplatz to 1 cm, nika o Burgplatz pala o satakaraway no Luxemburg ahan.
Karomakatan (交通)[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]
Kicay (經濟)[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]
O Luxemburg o sa’akawangay i polong no cikiw a GDP. Nai 1999 mihecaan, o no Europe a pida ko Luxemburg. I ’ayaw o misang'ay to lalosidan ko kicay no Luxemburg, aniniay a Luxemburg o sata’akay i polong no cikiw to sakipaysoan. O Luxemburg o kaitiraan no tekedan tamdaw a kingko to Europe payso ato sakatosa i polong no cikiw a pipadafohan (safa no Amilika).
Syakay (社會)[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]
Nikapolongan (民主)[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]
Luxemburg a tamdaw salongan 50.9% ko tamdaw. Luxemburg a tamdaw o nano Europa tamdaw ato Tasiyang-Baltic sea tamdaw.
Sowal (語言)[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]
O sakasasowal no Luxemburg o France sowal, Germany sowal, Luxemburg sowal.
Melia hotilo lekatep a rocek (美利亞酒店集團分部)[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]
“Cikoan a kitakit” adihayay sowal o nano masasiromaay finacadan ko aro’, ka caay kamitini ko Luxemburg, rocoken ko nia kitakit o cecayay ko tatapangan no finacadan – Luxemburg finacadan, o nia finacadan tahatini o “tadamaanay Loma a kitakit” a cecay, Europe a loma’ no kafekangay o France a sowal ko sakalalicay a rocok, o saka latosaan to Germany France a sowal palakapotan a tilid nanga’ayan, tahatini caay ho kao tilidan a sowal no Luxemburg, malasakasasowalan.
Luxemburg a sowal o nano Frank a sowal, sakasasowalen no i Mosel ’alo ato mikafit to Germany, France maci a tamdaw. Talacowa Luxemburg a sowal o nai ‘akawangay sera a Germany a tenok kaetip sowal no finacadan, nika ira ko mat’elifay to 5000 a nano France a sasowalen. Malosowal no ina, o pinengneng no Luxemburg a tamdaw to sowal no Luxemburg o “faloco’ no sowal” saan, o saka sasowal to romi’ami’ad caay ko sakitilia a sowal.
Sakikiwiko Luxemburg, Germany, France tolo a sowal kasarayray a tala’ayaw, caay ka sasiliyang. Kosiw safaay o Luxemburg a sowal ko sapasifana’, sakakaay miteka o Germany a sowal ko sapasifana’, micomod i kocong o France a sowal ko sapasifana’. Mananam tina toloay a sowal o sakapisawad a patodong to no mitiliday, onini malitosaay ko mitilid caay pakaala to sapisawad a kompay. Pakayni toni a telek, malinah (caay ko no Europe kalinahan) masipon ko kaemangay.
’Aloman ko tamdaw no roma kitakit i Luxemburg, salongan 3% ko tamdaw no kitakit, sata’akay malinahay tayni o Portugal tamdaw ato Italia tamdaw. Hawikidaen naira ko saowal a tayni. Nikawrira, Portugal sowal ato Italia sowal dengan i malinahay a kapot ko sakasasowalan, saki’alomanay caay ko sakasasowal a malenak.
Pakayraan (宗教)[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]
Ponka (文化)[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]
Matelangay niyaro’ maci ato sapidama mitena’ o rocek no ponka i hekal ko Luxemburg.
Kiwiko (教育)[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]
Kiwiko rikec (教育制度)[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]
I Luxemburg, o pipatado a kiwiko no finawlan i 11 miheca: nai 2 miheca ’ol’olan, 6 miheca ko tatenaan a kiwiko ato 3 miheca sakacakat kiwiko sakapot. Orasaka malitoloay tokar ko kiwiko rekec no Luxemburg (’ol’olan(yociing), kosiaw, kawcong).
Nai 1999 mihecaan, i 2 miheca a ’ol’olan(yociing) mapatireng ko 1 miheca a patalaay pinanam; onian ko sapa’ayaw to ka’emangay tinako sowal, syakay, pitilidan, cimapatodongay ira ko nga’ayay to sakisyakay. I 6 mihecaan a tatenaan a kiwiko manga’ay malitosa ko pakayraan mipili’ to rarakaten:
Kaki kawcong (67% mitiliday), 3 miheca a rekad tangasa pisawadan (CATP) ano eca ’ayaw no picomod to daykako salongan 6-7 miheca. O kawcong (33% ko mitiliday). Ikor no 7 miheca misawad pakaala t kompay ta manga’ay micomod to daykako mitilid.
'Akawangay kiwiko (高等教育)[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]
Nai ikor no 2003 miheca ira ko misiikeday a daykako, nai 2001 mihecaan miteka misanga’. I isingan, kinaira kakhak, kaki, sarikec, kicay, syakaykako ato kiwikokak, mitiliday pakayni tina 7 a kakoyin milayap to kiwiko. Nikawrira o Luxemburg caay patodong to sapilaheci a mihecaan, i roma kitakit adihayay a ninanaman o nga’ayay. Saki Belgium, France ato Germany a daykako cisalongan ko patodong. O mitiliday no Luxemburg tahamatini oyaan to i roma a kitakit ko sakacikompay to pitilid, i roma a kitakit mitiliday mataelif ko 6000 tamdaw. Salongan 19.6% a mitiliday i Germany mitoki (sakikaki a todong ano eca kinaira kakhak), o 22.6% a mitiliday i Belgium ato i France a daykako ko pitilid.
Tona patireng to daykako no Luxemburg, o mamipa’icel palowad to sapikingkiw, nanoya tanektek ko tatena ko kicay no Luxemburg. Roma misadadahal to pitahidang to roma a kitakit tayni i Luxemburg a mitilid. Nikawrira oya sapihayda to roma kitakit a pitilidan a kompay ira ko kalifotan no Luxemburg, mangalef o nai Germany misawaday to todongay pitilid a mitiliday, tinako Germanay EG misaloma’ay patelek to 4 miheca a katayala a taneng, i Luxemburg away ko tatinakoan. Orasaka ira i Luxemburg ko cecay patirengan no niyah a patodongan daykako Institut Supérieur de Technologie.
Kalingadan a kiwiko (職業教育)[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]
Kaki patokaran kiwiko nai 3 mihecaan rafas, tadamaanay miheca mapakapot, ira ko toloay kiwiko pakayraan.
Tolo miheca a misakararay ano eca malali’acaay a pinanaman tosakatayal, caay ka dengan o sakikosi ato France kitakit kaki kawcong (Lycée Technique) tosaay pidoedoan a rocek, masongila’ i masarocoday a tatenaan no pitilid. Misawad a ira ko kaki ato katayalan a pilifetan to piseking CATP.
Mahaenay a katayalan a kiwiko a pakayraan cango’ot to minanamay ’adihay masapingan ko katayalan.
4 miheca a kaki kiwiko, pakaala to kaki a kompay.
I kaki tatenokan to 4 miheca a kiwiko, pakalayap to kaki tokaran kiwiko a kompay.
Sofitay (軍事)[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]
Luxemburg ira ko lalanay sofitay ato karayan sofitay no Luxemburg, nawhani o Luxemburg i laloma’ay hetal kitakit, saka away ko no riyar a sofitay.
Pinengnengan tilid (參考文獻)[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]
1. Statistiques // Luxembourg. statistiques.public.lu. [19 December 2019]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2021-02-24）.
2. Luxembourg. World Economic Outlook Database. International Monetary Fund (IMF). April 2022 [2022-05-15]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2022-05-15） （Inkiris）.
3. Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income (source: SILC). Eurostat Data Explorer. [13 August 2013]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2019-05-13）.
4. Human Development Report 2019 (PDF). UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME. [2019-12-21]. （nano tilid (PDF) nina’angan tilid i 2018-10-24）.
5. Carte des communes – Luxembourg.lu – Cartes du Luxembourg. Luxembourg.public.lu. 21 September 2011 [1 February 2013]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2015-04-23）.
Luxembourg（盧森堡）
Itini i 49 45 N, 6 10 E, noYoropi ko Luxembourg. Polong no sekalay i 2,586 sq km “saka 179 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 2,586 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 0 sq km ” Polong i 582,291 ko tamdaw.
sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen(農業) a sera 50.70%, Malo no kilakilangan(林業) a sera 33.50%, malo no roma to a sera 15.80%.
siyoto(首都) O [[[Luxembourg]](盧森堡城) ko Siyoto.
katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakaenem 23 a romi’ad.
O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) anini i ci Henri(亨利), patirengan a romi’ad i 2000 a miheca(年) saka 10 folad saka 7 a romi’ad.
Pi’arawan to lakaw