Ethiopia
Isopiya(衣索比亞聯邦民主共和國)
[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]
;Anhala a sowal:የኢትዮጵያ ፈደራላዊ ዲሞክራሲያዊ ሪፐብሊክ;Latin a sowal:ye’ītiyop’iya federalawī dīmokirasīyawī rīpebilīki;簡稱衣索比亞,ኢትዮጵያ,ʾĪtyōṗṗyā)o itiraay i “ waa’ no Afrika” (非洲之角;Geeska Afrika;Cice a sowal:የአፍሪካ ቀንድ ; Arapiya a swoal:القرن الأفريقي) a citatapnganay salongaoc a kitakit. Isaka’amis ato ka’amis no pasawalian malafiyaw ato Oricoya, isakawali madado’edo ko sera ato Cipoci, Somaliya ato Somalilan¸isaka’etip malafiyaw ato Sotan ato Katimolay-Sotan, I katimol malafiyaw ato Kenya. O tamdaw no Isopiya cilafasay ko 1 ok ko tamdaw, o saadihayay ko tamdaw a karopaw kitakit I hekal, midoe’doay to Nayciliya. O kakahad no sera ira ko 110 ‘ofad km², o syoto ato satata’angay tokay o Atisapipa(阿迪斯阿貝巴; Anhala a sowal:አዲስ አበባ; Roma a tilid:Addis Abäba).
I’ayaw no cecay so’ot ko ‘ofad a mihecaan, itiraay ho i Katelangay-Fakelohan a mihecahecaan iraay to tamdaw a maro’ itini, i ikoray ni Yiso to sakacecay sici iraay to ko kirok payni to sa’ayaway a hontian-kitakit. I sasifo’an-sici Hapisa tamdaw, Anhala tamdaw matatoor a patireng to misakristoay a kitakit. i sa’aya’ayaw ho no saka 19 sici mala’afas a mipecih ko ci’icelay-kitaki to Afrika, ona sa Isopiya yo malalood ato Itali hontian-kitakit mapidah ko Itali, orasaka,o cecay no cowa ka hakowa ka caay ka pecih no ci’icelay-kitakit.[1] materek ko pisiiked no kitakit tahira i pilengay no Mosolini to sakakinatosa lalood no Itali ato Isopiya. Malepon to ko Sakatosa-Lalood no hekal, yo mipolol to kitakit i, milekal to kaira no salongoc mikowan to Orcoya, ora to sakahalafin to toker no Orcoya a milood. 1974 miheca, o kakeridan no sofitay ci Monkosto-Haer-Maliyamo(門格斯圖·海爾·馬里亞姆;Amohala a sowal:መንግስቱ ኃይለ ማርያም) keriden ningra ko sofitay a mifelih ko sifo, mapalasawad ko Saikoray-Hontin ci Hayr-Saylasi Sakacecay (海爾·塞拉西一世; Anhala a sowal:ቀዳማዊ ኃይለ ሥላሴ qädamawi haylä səllasé), o Sofitayan-Sifo milakal to pipatireng to Syakaysyiki-kitakit(社會主義國家)[2] 1990 miheca, o mingataay to Arpaniya a Heca-kasafelaw pakalowid i Lalomaan-Lalood, macakat malamikowanay ko Finawlan-milololay Kasafelaw no Isopiya.[3] ikaleponan to no 2019 miheca, falicen no Finawlan-milololay Kasafelaw no Isopiya ko ngangan to Macomahay-Kasafelaw, patokitok a mikowan, malaheci ko kalawidang ato ya malala’isay a Orcoya. Miliyaw a misakomi ko Macomahay-Kasafelaw adihay to ko kacacoli to kasakakinih to maalay, ora ko lalengatan no Tikoroy-Lalood to cila a mihacaan.
Ngangan no kitakit (國名)
[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]Isopiya hananay a ngangan i, nani tiraay o tilid no Kirisiya” Αἰθιοπία”(o Αἰθίοψ，Aithiops, o Isopiya tamdaw sanay ko imi no nini tilid), o “ αἴθω”(aitho: ma’ong’ongay) ato “ὤψ;ops;laway) mipatekoan tona tosa tilid, o imi no inini o “kohetingay laway” sanay, o pipatinako to kakoheting no Afrika tamdaw.[4] o to’asan ho mikakinkiway to rikisi a Kirisiya a tamdaw ci Siroto miraoyan ningra kona tilid patinako ikatimaolay no Sahala-Tafotafokan no Afrika.[5]
Itiya ho i Kirisiya-Roma a mihecahecaan, latek i’ayaw ni Yiso to 850 miheca, “Isopiya” o cimir no Nupiya a etal, tahira to i saka tolo sici Akosomo Hontian-Kitakit ma’eco nangra ko Nupiya-Etal, orasaka, malangangan no Akosomo tamdaw to niyah a kitakit.[6] tahini to saka 20 sici, “Isopiya” laheci sato sapitahidang no kako kitakit to “Isopiya” kitakit.
O roma sato, o katelang ngangan no Isopiya o Apisiniya(Abyssinia), sano latingen a tilid o “Ḥbštm ato Ḥbśt” (Ḥabashat)[7] itira i Arapiya o “Ḥabasha” sanay a mafalic, itira i Saypa sowal mafalic to “'ḥbs”('Aḥbāsh).[8]
Rikisi(歷史)
[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]
Fasil Ghebbi ato ingataay-mihecahecaan(中古與近世)
[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]O kahinakiray i sakacecay tahira i saka-pito sici tona pala o Akosomo Hontian-kitakit.tahira to i saka 13 sici, o Anhala tamdaw patireng tp Soromon Hontian-kitakit, misakakahad to pikowan to Apisiniya Hontian-Kitakit, 700 ko mihecaan kokahalafin no pikowan, ona Apisiniya kitakit o satata’angay kitakit i Sawalyay-Afrika i Sasifo’an-Mihecahecan, o nikowanan a sera tahiraay to tono aniniay a Sotan ato Somaliya, i saka16 sici malowid ho nganra ko sapi’ecoan no Awtoman Hontian-Kitakit ato Portokaro.
I lalengatan no saka 19 sici oya matelangay a hontian kitakit satapangay to a marakrak, o “ kafodfodan no wawa no honti a mihecaan “ hananay a pangangan kona mihecahecaan,itini to ko Ikiris,Fransu ato Itali a matatootoor tayni a mi’eco to sakowan. 1855 miheca, o kakeridan no Kontor(貢德爾;Gondar ;Gonder) ci Towotoros II (特沃德羅斯二世;Tewodros II; roma a ngangan ci Tiawtor II,提奧多爾二世，Theodore II) malowid ningra ko icowacowaay to a sapi’ecoaw a ‘ada, palolol a palacecay to Isopiya a malahonti. 1889 miheca , yo milaliway a tapang ci Monniliko II mite’er to pipadang no Itali a mi’afas to sakowan patireng tono niyahan a sifo, itiniay to a milaheci to ngangan no Isopiya kitakit. to cila a miheca malaliyang toya kakaketonan a tikid ko Isopiya ato Itali, lengat sato ko sakacecay a lalood no Italia to Isopiya, 6 miheca ko kalaloodang, ta pakalowaid ko Isopiya to Itali, itni to a mihayi ko Itali to Citatapangan-Salongocay kitakit ko Isopiya.
1936 miheca,o Congli no Itali ci Mosolini(貝尼托·阿米爾卡雷·安德烈亞·墨索里尼Italiya a sowal:Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini) misahalaka to sakinatosa to sapiloodaw to Isopiya, itini tona lalood miraoyay to cisawarakay to Wasapi-sawarak(芥子毒氣; Ikiris a sowal:mustard gas)a kaso ko sofitay no Itali, oya itiyaay honti no Isopiya ci Har-Saylasi (海爾·塞拉西一世; Anhala a sowal:ቀዳማዊ ኃይለ ሥላሴ qädamawi haylä səllasé) milaliw tayra i Ikiris,tahira ti i Sakatosa-Lalood malowida no Ikiris ko Itali, oya mi’ecoan no Itali a Woricoya mapalolol o Ikiris to ko mikowanay, ta nokay sato ci Har-Saylasi i tatapangan niyaro’ malolol malahonti, orasak, sacecay sato ko pisakakinih pasitira Ikiris ato Amirika.
Ki'etecay-lalood mihecaan (冷戰時期)
[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]Yo malepon to ko Sakatosa-Lalood, pa’icel sa ko Amirika a mipadang to Isopiya to sakacakataw, cisafaw ko mo’etep to kalatatilidan saki liecay ato sofitay, manga’ay ko sofitay no Amirika a maro’ itini, miocor to komong no sofitay, mipadanga heca to 1.5 ok a payso no Amirika( ano sa’osien makalifataday ko polong sapadang no Amirika i Afrika), sanoyanan sato a makonling ko aniniay a sofitay no Isopiya.
1950 miheca saka 6 folad, malingato ko lalood i Koriya(韓戰;Korean War). O pipanokay to ako sa ko hontia no Isopiya ci Har-Saylasi, ocooren ningra ko sofitay a mikapot tona lalood. 1950 miheca saka 12 folad saka 2 romi’ad, mahayi no Kalomaocan-Linhoko to saka 390 a piketonan tilid, malepon to ko pikowan no Ikiris to Awricoya matateko ato Isopiya,nikawrira, ma’osaw ho no Awricoya ko ikakaay a niyah-pikowan, patinako han o sakowan, sapisawkit, fayfay, kincac ato pilisata.
1962 mihea, palasawaden no honti ko Lomaocan no kitakit, mala o cecay a kowan to ko Awricoya, malengat ko pitoker no finawlan, nanoyanan sa a mala’iring to 30 ko mihecaan.
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1974 miheca, matatanga to kacahiwan ko miheca, palasawad han no finawlan ko honti ci Har-Saylasi, ira ko pipadang no icowacowaay a tamtamdaw, tona kafodo’an mahapinang no kalokitakit ato tamdaw ko nikarakrak sa ko kowang i Isopiya, ato misateked ko cipaysoay a kitakit to kinairaira, orasaka, matongalmatongal ko kaawa no manikaway a kitakit, onini ko lalengatan no Langdaway-Demak(Green-Movement) i 1980 mihecahecaan.Na oninian ko sakapifalic to ngangan no kitakit to “Isopiya Finawlan-Kapolongan kitakit” i 1989 miheca saka 9 folad,minokay ma’emin ko komong no Solin ato Kupa.
Aniniay miheca(現代)
[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]Ikor to no kahalafin to no lalomaan-lalood no kitakit, i 1991 miheca saka 5 folad saka 28 romi’ad, mafalic ko Monkosto sifo ni Heca-Kasafelaw a mitatoy ko sakowan no Isopiya Finawlan-Milololay sofitat(衣索比亞人民革命民主陣線; Amohala a sowal:የኢትዮጵያ ሕዝቦች አብዮታዊ ዲሞክራሲያዊ ግንባር，Roma a tilid:ye’ītiyop, iya ḥizibochi ābiyotawī dīmokirasīyawī ginibari), ci Milays-Cenawi ko pacarcaray a malacongtong, oya sa Awlicoya a niyah-pikowan a sifo mipatireng tono tekedan a sifo. 1993 miheca, kinatosa ko pacarcaray a sifo, Awricoya niyah pikowan a sifo mitayal to Kapolongan-Pitoa no fimawlan to sapiliyasaw to Isopiya a misiiked. 1994 miheca, misanga’ ko Isopiya to kinpo o Tatapangan-Rikec no kitakit, pahapinangan to niyah-salongoc no finacadan, 1995 miheca saka 8 folad, matalahekal to ko fa’elohay a kinpo, itini to a mifalic to ngangan no kitakit to “Isopiya Patatekoan Finawlan-Kapolongan kitakit”, o malatapangay no sifo ko mikowanay to demak. Ci Milays nani 1995 miheca a malacongli tahira I kapatayan ningra.
1997 miheca, Awlicoya ato Isopiya malali’ang, sanga’ sa tono niyah a payso ko Awricoya, to cila miheca saka 5 folad malingato ko lalood no Awricoya ato Isopiya, 7 ‘ofad ko ko mapatayay nona tosaay kitakit.[9] [10] saikoray to i, I 2000 miheca saka 6 folad materep ko kalalood, kaheci sato ko pisiiked no Awricoya.
Api-Ayhamayto to i saka 21 sici, mariyari ko kofi ato dateng, mahaneknek ho ko sieci, sa adihay ko nipasadakan a paliwal I roma a kitakit.22 tamamacomahad ko Isopiya a kitakit, macakat ko kapolongan a Pili’etan no kitakit(GDP), o pisa’osi no Hekalay-Kinko i 1994 miheca tahira i 2014 miheca macakat to 10.9% to lalen no mihecaan ko Isopiya.[11]
2011 miheca,halafin ta to ko kalalood no “waa’ no Afrika” matongal heca no kedal, ‘aloman ko milaliway tayra i Isopiya a Somaliya a tamdaw, wataay ko karawraw no kitakit, to cila to mihecaan nga’ masaysay kona rawraw.
2014- 2016 miheca,ira ko “ mapolosi no sieli”(聖嬰現象;Sipanya a sowal:El Niño) masasifod ko kafalic no romi’ad to romi’ami’ad, mapatay ko pinaloma no maomahay, itira ko cilacila mikangyi pacoli to sifo ko maomahay tamdaw, patokeled sa a talahekal ko kaa’iring no roma a finacadan.
2016 miheca, satata’ang sa ko kasasontor no kasasiromaroma a finacadan, oya isaka’amisay no Isopiya a Awromo ato Anhala tamdaw, makilatolo no kitakit ko tamdaw, mitoker to dengan 6% ko tamdaw, nikawrira, o sahalafinay a mikowan,tona kasasongtol niocoran to ko sofitay a mipalasawad; isakatimol sa i,Awromo tamdaw ato Somaliya tamdaw ira ho yincumin no itiraay i Kaytoaw-Etal ko mala’odotay, mala’afas to sera, mapapatapatay to kokala’odot, orasaka, ‘aloman ko maforaway no Awromo, Somaliya ato Kaytoaw a tamdaw.
2018 miheca, o citodongay tono calayan-demak ci Api-Ayhamayto(阿比·阿邁德·阿里; Amohala a sowal:አብይ አህመድ አሊ; Awromo a sowal:Abiyyii Ahimad Alii)maala to sinkiw malacongli, mipalafang tayra i Awricoya, malekal to kalasawad a mala’iring nona tosa a kitakit.[12]matedal to ko pitaker to calayay. Nikawrira, malaliyaw heca ko kalacacoli no Awromo tamdaw ato Kaytoaw yincumin , tona karawrawan mapaci’ci a maforaw ko 140 ‘ofad no Kaytoaw yincumin,ona maforaway o sakakaay tona mihecaan.[13] milekal toko Isopiya to Kacalohan-Rikec, mapasiwar ko kalo’orip no Isopiya, sowal sato ko sifo no Isopiya midemak to sinkiw i 2020 miheca saka 8 folad saka 16 romi’ad, mikapot ko masasiromaay ko harateng a tamdaw tona sinkiw.[14] matatanga’ tona lifong, sa mapanayal tayra i 2021 miheca sak 6 folad saka 9 romi’ad a misinkiw.
Kaitiraan(地理)
[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]
O kakahad no sera no Isopiya ira ko 1,104,300 km² [15], i laloma’ nonini o tosa no kalitolo o Isopiya-Takaraway Dafdaf, nani tongroh no riyar ira ko 2500~3000 laya’,itini i Afrika o satakaraway taporo; o takaraw nani tongroh no riyar ira ko 2500~3000 laya’,itini ni Afrika a kitakit malalenay ko ka’akawang no taporo; katimol no sakawali ono Somaliya a taporo; tata’eman no sakawalian Afrika mihifalatay i sasifo’an no Afrika; o kanahikoan ato tafotafokan mahaopay ko 28% no kitakit.Nani 1993 miheca saka 5 folad namisikiked to ko Awricoya, malakaropaway to a kitakit ko Isopiya, o fiyaw i taliyok ira ko Cipoti, Awlicoya, Sotan, Katimolay-Sotan,Keniya ato Somaliya.o syoto tatapangan niyaro’ o Atisapipa(阿迪斯阿貝巴;አዲስ አበባ; Roma a tilid:Addis Abäba), o imi no nini tilid i,o “mangta’ay hana” sanay, o roma sato, o kalalaedan ato Keniya ato Katimolay-Sotan Yiroymi-Co’eco, alamilekal ko Katimolay-Sotan ato Isopiya to kacisakowan a salongoc, anini o Keniya ko mikowanay.
Sowal(語言)
[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]
Ono sifoan a sowal o Anhala sowal ato Ikiris sowal, o sakakaay sowal no finacadan ira ko Awromo sowal, Tikoroyniya sowal. Do’edoen ko pisa’osi to sowal no finacadan cisafaway ko 90 a misiikeday sowal i Isopiya.[16]
Pitooran(宗教)
[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]O tadahalafinay to ko pitoor no Isopiya tamdaw to misakristoay a pitooran, i sakacecay a sici(naikoran ni Yieso to cecay so’ot a mihecaan) iraay to ko Kristo a matenak itini i saka’amisan ato sasifo’an no Isopiya. O polong no tamdaw no Isopiya anini mahaop ko 62.8% ko mitooray to Kristo(ilalona’ nonini i, mahaop ko 43.5% a tamdaw mitooray to So’elinay-Pitooran no Isopiya, 18.6% o mitooray to Fa’elohay-Kristo, 0.7% o mitooray to Tinsikiw). O Islam a pitooran malatalay a mapatenak itini i Isopiya, ira ko 33.9% ko mitooray to Islam-Pitooran. 2.6% o Cilisinay-Pitooran, o roma ira ko 0.6%. pakitinien i rikisi no Isopiya halafinay to a ira ko yotaya a tamdaw a maro’ itini, o Pita-Israil tamdaw hananay a mitahidang, nikawrira, i 70 mihecahecaan no saka 20 sici maforaway to cangra tayra i Israil a maro’.
Pacefaday a tilid(註腳)
[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]- ↑ Ethiopia country profile. BBC News. 2022-01-17 [2022-06-29]. （原始內容存檔於2022-09-22） （英國英語）.
- ↑ 中共中央對外聯絡部《各國共產黨總覽》編輯委員會. 各国共产党总览. 當代世界出版社. 2000年1月. ISBN 7-80115-132-1.
- ↑ Comments on Meles Zenawi’s Death. [2020-04-15]. （原始內容存檔於2020-04-15）.
- ↑
|contribution=被忽略 (幫助) - ↑ For all references to Ethiopia in Herodotus, see: this list （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） at the Perseus project （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）.
- ↑ Hatke, George. Aksum and Nubia: Warfare, Commerce, and Political Fictions in Ancient Northeast Africa. NYU Press. 2013: 52–53. ISBN 978-0-8147-6066-6.
- ↑ Schoff, Wilfred Harvey. The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea: travel and trade in the Indian Ocean. Longmans, Green, and Co. 1912: 62 [28 September 2016].
- ↑ Hatke, George. Aksum and Nubia: Warfare, Commerce, and Political Fictions in Ancient Northeast Africa. NYU Press. 2013: 52–53. ISBN 978-0-8147-6066-6.
- ↑ Ethiopia, Eritrea Run Risk of New War - UN Envoy. www.globalpolicy.org. [2020-01-29]. （原始內容存檔於2020-11-29）.
- ↑ Ethiopia-Eritrea impasse could lead to new war -UN. Reuters. 2007-01-24 [2020-01-29]. （原始內容存檔於2009-04-16） （英語）.
- ↑ With Continued Rapid Growth, Ethiopia is Poised to Become a Middle Income Country by 2025. [24 June 2016]. （原始內容存檔於2016-07-02）.
- ↑ 埃塞俄比亚与厄立特里亚签署历史性和平协议 非洲之角吹来“希望之风”. 聯合國新聞. 2018-09-16 [2019-07-08]. （原始內容存檔於2020-12-21） （中文（簡體））.
- ↑ Ethiopia tops global list of highest internal displacement in 2018. Relief Web. [7 April 2019]. （原始內容存檔於2019-11-05）.
- ↑ Ethiopian who demanded justice now has half a year to deliver it. Reuters. 2020-01-28 [2020-01-29]. （原始內容存檔於2020-12-14） （英語）.
- ↑ CIA - The World Factbook - Country Comparison :: Area. [2013-06-16]. （原始內容存檔於2014-02-09）.
- ↑ Languages of Ethiopia （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. Ethnologue. Retrieved on 2012-03-03.