Booker Taliaferro Washington

Booker Taliaferro Washington (布克•T•華盛頓)

Poke Talifero Wasington (Booker Taliaferro Washington, 1856 miheca 4 folad 5 romi’ad-1915 miheca 11 folad 14 romi’ad) no Amilika a sician, kiwikoan ato mitiliday. I 1890 miheca tangasa 1915 mihecaan satadamaanay likisi tamdaw a kohetingay tamdaw no Amilika.

O sofoc ci Wasington itiniay i niyaro’ no Franklin, Virginia , o mama i o kakeridan no mafadesay no kohealay tamdaw, o ina i mifadesan. Itiraay cingra ipa’ielay kadademakan a mafana’ misa’osi ato tilid. Itiya 16 no miheaan i, tayra Ingra i Hampton a malasingsiay ato kaliomahan a kakkoyin (aniniay daykako no Hampton) no Virginia malasingsiay pinanaman a mikonling. I 1881 mihea, mapatireng Ingra i Tuskegee kakkoyin a kakeridan i Alabama . I 1896 mihea ato 1901 mihea, mapalikel Ingra to no daykako no Harvard ato Dartmouth kakkoyin a cinganganay no tilidan Master's degree ato cingangan to PhD.

O satadamaanay ci Wasington i kohetingay tamdaw to sician. I 1895 miheca, ci Wasington papelo i Atelanta, onini ko saka tadamaan ningra i kitakit, sa’imeren to no sician ato finawlan, malatadamaanay no kohetingay tamdaw no Amilika a paratohay tamdaw. makakomod cingra ato kohecalay tamdaw, mipatado misorotay to payso patireng to sema^otay syako pitilidan ato takaraway kiwiko citodongay, patakaraw to timolay kohetingay tamdaw no Amilika a rayas to saki kiwiko. Caay ko sakitini i kiwikoan a sofal ko tadamaan, ci Wasington hakasi misa’icel haca micikeroh to kasafinacadan no Amilika a kasasili’ay ato katayalan kakiharan. O rayray no ’orip ningra (mitifac to kalafadesan- Up From Slavery) i 1901 mihecaan mapasadak, tangasa anini mayakyak ko nian.

Kaemangan, pakoniraay ato pikiwiko (童年、自由與教育)

I 1856 miheca 4 folad 5 romi’ad, ci Booker T. Washington masofoc i Virginia Hale's Ford a Burroughs farm. O ina ningra ci Jane o malamisafelay misafelay a fades, o mama ningra o maomahay. Itini i rikec, kalakapahan ho no ina ni Washington, o kaci ngangan ningra o pangangan no tawki to “Taliaferro” sanay.

I 1865 mihecaan a kaciherangan, 9 ko mihecaan ni Washington itiya, cingra ato salikaka ci Yohani ato safa fafahiyan ci Amanda mihakelong to ina tayra i Virginia Kanawa niyaro’ Malden malalitemoh to pades a mama ci Washingtonan. Cingra ato ina ningra itira i misikitangay citodongay mitafoay to cilah. Ikor i, ci Booker T. Washington manga’ay tayra i pitilidan minanam misa’osi ato mitilid, o pikiwiko ningra ikor matifac ningra ko kasakapot to nisafaloco’an to pikiwiko[1].

I 16 mihecaan ni Washington miliyas to Malden, tayra i Virginia Hampton Normal pitilidan ato Agricultural Institute kakkoyin (Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute) a mitilid. Matiya ni Washington masapakoyacay a mitiliday manga’ay itira matayal to saka cikinaira. Onini i Hampton a malasingsiay pitilidan o sapipalahad to mamala singsi a kohetingay tamdaw a nipatirengan, mapadama no kiwkay ato tekedan tamdaw ko mipadamaay a micoker, micokeray tamdaw halo Quaker kiwkay mitooray ci William Jackson Palmer. Talacowa milecad to I’ayaway, ci Washington o niyah a nitayalan ko saka’orip, nika manga’ay ningra caay katayal i palasingsiay a mitilid, nika itini i palasingsiay a kakoyin a mitilid manga’ay ningra a caay ka tayal. Nai 1878 miheca tangasa 1879 miheca, tayra cingra i Washington si a Wilan kakoyin (Wayland Seminary), manga’ay tayra i Hampeton mipasifana’ malasingsi. Ranikayay, itiraay i Hampeton a citodongay mipa’ayaw cingraan mala saka patirengay i Alabama a pitilidan a mala kakeridan a kociw. O ni Washington to matayalay a kiwiko (industrial education) o sakatadamaan no kohetingay Amilika tamdaw[1].

Tuskegee (塔斯基吉)

Ci Louis Adams ato roma i Alabama no New Tuskegee palasingsiay kako (Tuskegee Normal school) sakapot ko mitahidangan ci booker Washington o tala’ayaway tamdaw ko kakeridan no pitilidan nangra saan. Mapa’ayaw no patirengay no Hampton daykako ni Samuel C. Armstrong ci Booker Taliaferro Washington, nanoyaan mala citodongay to mala kakeridan no Tuskegee palasingsiay kako (Tuskegee Normal school) ato Matayalay a kiwiko (industrial education). Itira toya fa^elohay pitilidan micowat to Tuskegee palasingsiay kakko, tahamatiniay a Tuskegee daykako.

No Tuskegee daykako a kalasingsi padamso to pikingkiw a kiwiko ato fana’, nikawrira padamso to kapahay kohetingay tamdaw saka songila’ to kafana’an kiwiko tinako misasayhoay ato fokeloh a kicikan. Onini a kakkoyin pafaloco’ ci Washingtonan. O harateng ningra saki kohetingay tamdaw mapadamso to matiraay saka cifana’ a kiwiko, o saka tadamaan no kohetingay tamdaw i syakay no Amilika, iikor to o papatalahekalen nangra o kohecalay tamdaw no Amilika. Paso’alin cingra ano kohetingay tamdaw no Amilika pahapinangen nangra o citodongay manga’ayay ti’eren a finawlan no Amilika, iikor to o sakacitodong nangra to saka o finawlan a salongoc. Mararid cingra malakakeridan no pitilidan, tangasa 1915 mihecaan i kapatay ningra a paherek. Tangasa itiya, Tuskegee daykako malayapay a sapadang 1,500,000 ko payso, i saka cecay miheca mapatireng, nilayapan to sadama 2,000 ko payso.

Laloma’an (家庭)

Kina toloay ci fafahi ci Tuskegee. Itini i rayray “Mitifac to kafades” tilid i, pafeli toya toloay fafahi itira i Tuskegee a talyal tadamaan ko pahemek cangraan, ano awaay cangra caay ko mamacakat kako saan.

Ci Fannie N. Smith o nai west Virginia a Walden, ci Washington 9 miheca tangasa 16 miheca miro’ay i fafaw no Charlestown a Konova valley niyaro’. I 1882 mihecaan a kaciherangan, mararamod ci Washington aci Smithan. Ira ko cecay a wawa nangra, ci Portia M. Washington ko pipangangan. Mapatay ci Fannie i 1884 miheca 5 folad.

Itiya padoedo haca cingra i 1885 mihecaan ci fafahi ci Olivia A. Davison. Ci Davison kasofocan ningra i Ohio, malasingsiay i Mississippi ato i Tennessee, itira i Hampton ato Massachusetts a Pennham safaiyot a daykako minanam to kiwiko. Itiya ci Hampton itira i Tuskegee malalitemoh cangra, o kalasingsian ningra itira. Ikor mala micokeray a kakeridan to cingra. Tatosa ko wawa to fa’inayan nangra, mimingay ci Booker T. Washington ato ci Ernest Davison Washington, ikor i 1889 mihecaan a mapatay.

O saka tolo a ramod ningra itini i 1893 miheca, aci Margaret James Murray mararamod. O nai Mississippi, o misawaday i Fisker daykako cingra. Awaay ko wawa nangra. Ci Murray Washington kakaya’ ko ’orip ningra, mapatay i 1925 mihecaan.

Sician (政治)

Ci Washington tariktik itini i sician, Amilika a nikapolongan (Konghetang) a Kararemay pikaykian ato congtong kinapinapina a milicay cingraan to pakayniay kohetingay sician sapatorod. Cingra ato kohecalay sician ato tadamanay tamdaw malakapot a matayal. Paretatenga cingra, saikoray saka lalen salongoc no kohetingay tamdaw i, sanga’ayay a pakayraan o pipahapinang to kodaitay, malalokay, mi’imeray a nga’ayay, saci sowal sa cingra, matiniay i o sapacakat to saka’orip no kohetingay Amilika a tamdaw.

Ci Booker Washington i 1895 miheca itira i Atlanta no Georgia mihapiw to “O sowal to sakalali’ay no finacadan i Atlanta (Atlanta Compromise) a papelo. Paretatenga cingra, kohetingay tamdaw o mamilayap to kalalaed telek, manga’ay pakalayap to sakiniyah misa’icel mikilim to katayalan.

“Lakecen ko palafades”, o pitahidang no kamaro’an no congtong (《超越奴役》，白宮的邀請)

O sapipalowadaw to kohetingay tamdaw no Amilika “saka cowat no kalali’aca, maomahay, kiwiko, katayalan”, ci Booker Washington i 1900 miheca patireng to polong no kitakit kohetingay kalali’aca kakomodan (National Negro Business League).

1901 miheca, ni Booker Washington a pipa’olid “Lakecen ko palafades” a marina’, sakalamkam sa ’aloman ko mi’acaay minengneng, itini i Amilikaay a kohetingay tamdaw a syakay kapacekilan. Ci Washington i 1901 miheca matahidang tayra i Congtongfo mala tadamanay lafang ni Theodore Roosevelt congtong itiya, o sa’ayaway a kohetingay tamdaw malalafang no congtongfo- saka kalongocan no katimolay a Amilika tamdaw.

Ma’orip ho pakinali k tayal, 59 ko mihecaan mapatay to.

Talacowa ci Washington hakasi caay pitolas a mirarakat ato mitilid to adihayay tilid, mararid cingra a mala kakeridan no Tuskegee daykako. O tatirengan ningra ranikay a malatiih; itira cingra i New Yorksi matawilek itiya, mapanokay tayra i Tuskegee loma’, I 1915 miheca 11 folad 14 romi’ad mapatay, 59 ko ’orip itini i hekal. O kapatay ningra awaay ko kafana’an, latek o kasamo’ to no tiring a malatatiih[4]. Matadem cingra i titihi no Tuskegee daykako a kiwkay.

Itiya, o Piparetatenga no tamdaw o kasamo’ no faloco’ ko sakapatay ningra saan, o pakinali no tayal saka latiih no faloco’ a mapatay. 2006 miheca 3 folad, o pihayda no teloc ningra, miliyaw misapinang to nipaisingan mipalita, itiya masapinang o katakaraw no remes, malitosaay ka ikaka tono taoan, o sapihapinangaw o patepi’ ko nian.

I kapatayan ningra itiya, i Tuskegee mata’elif to 150 ’ofad Amilika payso ko mipadafohay. O da’oc no ’orip ningra a tilidan, oya saki katimolay kohetingay tamdaw a kiwiko nitilidan, ikor manga’ay ko mi’acaay, ikaka to mihecahecaan.

O pipatamohong ato piharatengan (榮譽與紀念)

Ci Booker Washington hakasi padoedo i 1896 miheca ato 1901 miheca mapatamohong no Harvard daykako to tilidan Sosi ato Dartmouth kakoyin a tadamanay hakasi, pakaolah i cingraan to katadamaan ningra to finawlan no Amilika. Saka kohetingay tamdaw no Amilika ira ko ni Booker T. Washington aci George Washington Carver piharatengan i limaay limood payso (Booker T. Washington Memorial Half Dollar), nai 1951 miheca tangasa 1954 miheca ko pisanga’ no Amilika. 1940 miheca 4 folad 7 romi’ad, ci Washington hakasi sarakatay itiraay i kitti no Amilika masadak ko Africa Amilika tamdaw.

Pakayraan a minengneng (參考來源)

1.Booker T. Washington's West Virginia Boyhood （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）布克·華盛頓的作品 - 古騰堡計劃

2.Up from Slavery （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） - 古騰堡計劃版本Up from Slavery - 電子圖書版本

3.Booker T. Washington's 1909 Tour of Virginia on the newly completed Virginian Railway Dr. Booker T. Washington papers - comments about Henry Rogers

4.National Park Service Booker T. Washington Birthplace （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）

5.Legends of Tuskegee （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）

6.Booker T. Washington's Gravesite （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）

7.1.Harlan (1972)

8.2.存档副本. [2007-01-25]. （原始內容存檔於2005-12-30）.

9.3.存档副本. [2006-03-26]. （原始內容存檔於2006-05-15）.

10.4.The question of syphillis is discussed in Harlan 2:451-55

Nano to’as a tilid (原始史料)

1.Washington, Booker T. The Awakening of the Negro, The Atlantic Monthly, 78 (September, 1896).

2.Up from Slavery: An Autobiography （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） (1901).

3.Washington, Booker T. The Atlanta Compromise (1895).

4.The Booker T. Washington Papers University of Illinois Press online version of complete fourteen volume set of all letters to and from Booker T. Washington.

5.Cumulative Index

Rafas a tilid (二手史料)

1.James D. Anderson, The Education of Blacks in the South, 1860-1935 (1988) （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）

2.Mark Bauerlein. Washington, Du Bois, and the Black Future" in Wilson Quarterly (Autumn 2004)[永久失效連結].

3.W. Fitzhugh Brundage, ed Booker T. Washington and Black Progress: Up from Slavery 100 Years Later (2003).

4.Louis R. Harlan, Booker T. Washington: The Making of a Black Leader, 1856-1900 (1972) the standard biography, vol 1.

5.Louis R. Harlan. 'Booker T. Washington: The Wizard of Tuskegee 1901-1915 (1983) （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, the standard scholarly biography vol 2.

6.Louis R. Harlan. Booker T. Washington in Perspective: Essays of Louis R. Harlan (1988) （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）.

7.Louis R. Harlan. "The Secret Life of Booker T. Washington." Journal of Southern History 37:2 (1971). in JSTOR Documents Booker T. Washington's secret financing and directing of litigation against segregation and disfranchisement.

8.Linda O. Mcmurry. George Washington Carver, Scientist and Symbol (1982) （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）

9.August Meier. "Toward a Reinterpretation of Booker T. Washington." The Journal of Southern History, 23#2 (May, 1957), pp. 220–227. in JSTOR. Documents Booker T. Washington's secret financing and directing of litigation against segregation and disfranchisement.

10.Cary D. Wintz, African American Political Thought, 1890-1930: Washington, Du Bois, Garvey, and Randolph (1996) （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）.

Papotalay calay (外部連結)

1.The Booker T. Washington papers digital archive, University of Illinois Press searchable index to complete annotated text of all important letters to and from Washington and all his writings.

2.Diane Granat, Saving the Rosenwald Schools

3.A Criticism of the Atlanta Compromise by W.E.B. Dubois