Amilika

Hata no Amilika

Amilika (美國)

Nipatatekoan a kitakit a Amilika (Inkiris: The United States of America、U.S.A.、 United States、U.S.), sakamoko’ (America), ka’amisay Amilika a kanatal o nipatatekoan a kitakit, aniniay a saki’emelay a dengan kitakit[, laenoay 50 ko kanatal patongal to nipatatekoan sifo i Washington no Colombia tadamaanay niyaro’, ira ko 5 a miliyasay a misiikeday a ser ato pinapina a papotalay palapalaan sakapot. O sera no kitakit ira ko 9,833,520 pinfang kongli (3,796,740 pnfang inli) , sakatosa a ka’amisay no Amilika (ikor no Kanata), o saka tolo ano eca saka sepat[. Tangasa i 2020 mihecaan, o tamdaw no Amilka ira ko 3.3 walwalan ko adihay, saka tolo no hekay ta’akay kitakit, saadihayay tamdaw a cemahaday to a kitakit.

Kaitiraan

O Amilika ato roma kaetipay a kitakit, halo Kanata, Austaliya, Niwsilan, malecaday ko nai kaicowaay no hekal mafolaway, o kasasiromaromaay a finawlan ato ponka a kitakit, ira ko “masaparoday a finacadan” ko pangangan. O sera no Amilika masasiroma ato kasasifodan ko kafalifalic no romi’ad, malengaw ko kasasiromaroma i tarapatan molengaway, o kasahirahiraay ko a ’a’adopen malengway a salaloma’an[23].

O Amilika ato roma kaetipay a kitakit, halo Kanata, Austaliya, Niwsilan, malecaday ko nai kaicowaay no hekal mafolaway, o kasasiromaromaay a finawlan ato ponka a kitakit[22], ira ko “masaparoday a finacadan” ko pangangan. O sera no Amilika masasiroma ato kasasifodan ko kafalifalic no romi’ad, malengaw ko kasasiromaroma i tarapatan molengaway, o kasahirahiraay ko a ’a’adopen malengway a salaloma’an.

O Amilika ato roma kaetipay a kitakit, halo Kanata, Austaliya, Niwsilan, malecaday ko nai kaicowaay no hekal mafolaway, o kasasiromaromaay a finawlan ato ponka a kitakit, ira ko “masaparoday a finacadan” ko pangangan. O sera no Amilika masasiroma ato kasasifodan ko kafalifalic no romi’ad, malengaw ko kasasiromaroma i tarapatan molengaway, o kasahirahiraay ko a ’a’adopen malengway a salaloma’an.I 19 sici miteka ko Amilika na misiiked nai Inkiris ko picalap a kitakit misitapang pasayra i kaetip micomod ato pasipapotal micowat, Amilika a nipatatekoan kitakit a sifo ’ayaw ikor 1803 miheca ato 1819 miheca kanatosa mi’aca to sera, kasasowal to Sakakaay a Micowatay no Ikiris Hontian Kitakit, mipidah to Mexico ato mitofok mipatay paci’eci papilinah to yincumin a maala ko ka’amisan konis 49˚ katimol, Grande ’alo ka’amisay a polong a sera, nai Russia a Hontian Kitakit ma’aca ko Alaska.

Palakoliay-faco no Amilika

Nanoyaan dado’edo sa ko fa^elohay patireng to naomacalapay kitakit misingsi to pikapot to Amilika a nipatatekoan a kitakit, kasamatira a mahayda ko micowat to sera a fa^elohay kanatal, tangasa 1848 mihecaan o paseraan no Amilika malakec to ko ka’amsay Amilika a hekal. I 19 sici ikoran, katimolay no Amilika pitoay mihopeday to nifadesan tamdaw a kanatal mihapiw to sakapiliyasaw to nipatatekoan a misiiked mipatirenكيس اختككيس اختككيس اختككيس اختككيس اختككيس اختككيس اختككيس اختككيس اختككيس اختككيس اختككيس اختككيس اختككيس اختككيس اختككيس اختككيس اختككيس اختككيس اختككيس اختككيس اختككيس اختككيس اختككيس اختككيس اختككيس اختككيس اختككيس اختككيس اختككيس اختككيس اختككيس اختككيس اختككيس اختككيس اختككيس اختككيس اختككيس اختككيس اختككيس اختككيس اختككيس اختككيس اختككيس اختككيس اختككيس اختككيس اختككيس اختككيس اختككيس اختككيس اختككيس اختككيس اختككيس اختككيس اختككيس اختككيس اختككيس اختككيس اختككيس اختككيس اختككيس اختككيس اختككيس اختككيس اختككيس اختككيس اختككيس اختككيس اختككيس اختككيس اختككيس اختككيس اختككيس اختككيس اختككيس اختككيس اختككيس اختككيس اختككيس اختككيس اختككيس اختككيس اختككيس اختككيس اختككيس اختككيس اختككيس اختككيس اختككيس اختككيس اختككيس اختككيس اختككيس اختككيس اختككيس اختككيس اختككيس اختككيس اختككيس اختككيس اختككيس اختككيس اختككيس اختككيس اختككيس اختككيس اختككيس اختكg to malekatep kitakit a Amilika, nanoya ira ko laloma'ay no Kitakit a lalood, ikor i pikowan ni Lincoln a mikerid to nipatatekoan a kitakit sifo i pifolaw maliyaw malekapot, itiya mapalasawad to ko pipadesay to tamdaw a rikec(Palakoliay-Faco)

Teloc no 19 sici, nayaten n Amilika ko sakowan to sera tayra i Taypinyang no Hawai, I saka tosa a falicen to kikai ko sakatayal picikerohan miteka misa’ekimay a to’ek ato misaadahiay a to’ek a kacomahadan. Matatorod pakalowid to kalalood no ka’etipay no Amilika, saka Amilika sakipapotalay mikiharan mata’elif ko mo niyah, o ’icel no Amilika micomod tayra i Caribbean riyar ato ka’etip Taypinyang.

Apolo 11

Micomod to i 20 sici i, o Amilika i ikor no saka 1 kalalood a pikihatiyaan itiya mapatireng ko tatodong no ’icel no sofitay to sakihekalan. Paherek to 20 mihecaan ko pi’owang, o Amilika i 1930 miheca misi’ayaw to karawrawan no kicay, i saka 2 kalalood nohekal pakalowid k Amilika itiya a saranikay sato malasatadamaanay a kitakit. Mala o lekapot no lalimaay no sakapot i Linhoko, o Amilika cihenengay a kitakit, o sa’ayaway no hekal pakasanga’ay to heneng a sahadfek, dengan mikihatiyaay kalaloodan a kitakit.

Ikor no saka 2 kalaloodan amilika ato Russia pakayni i kasasiroma no nihiratengan ato kaitiraan nosici a malalifet i pinaay mo^etep miheheca ko ki’etecay a lalood, i kasasi’ayawan to sakikakarayanay kalalifetan sakalaheci manga’ay no tamdaw sa’ayaway tayra i folad halaka. I 20 sici a 90 mihecaan malopisak to ko Russia i, masowal to o saki’emelay to a kitakit i hekal[.

O Amilika nai 19 sici telocan miteka osata’akay i hekal no kicayan, tahatini o pido’edoan i polong no cikiw a kicay, sakisofitay, kiwiko, pkingkiw to kakak, kakarayan a kakak pikingkiw ato isingan fana’ a sakiemelay kitakit. O Amilika ko takaraway kalaliacaan kitakit, sata’akay micomoday nohekal ato saka tosa a pasadakay to dafong a kitakit, o sakacecay Kapolongan a Nitayalan 'Epoc Ilaloma' no kitakit mido’edo tokasakitakit a payso, o paka’acaay dafong i o sakatosa. I finawlan a sakinaira, sakacowat no tamdaw, Kapolongan a Nitayalan 'Epoc Ilaloma' no tamdaw ato misanga’ay no tamdaw citodong to saki syakay kicay a pahapinang kacitodongan, malo kakeridan no hekal ko Amilika. Mocomod to ikoray no kikay ko sakatayal a to’ek ko kicay no Amilika, mipatadoay a tayal mihaop to todong no kicay, malasa’ayaway no hekal.

Lahecadsa, o misanga’ay to kalomaan hatira ko dadahal, saka tosa i hekal. Mihaop to 4.4% tamdaw no hakal ko Amilika patadamaan to sepatay no cecay (4/1) to Kapolongan a Nitayalan 'Epoc Ilaloma' no kitakit ato toloay no cecay (3/1) masadakay i polong no cikiw to sakisofitay, oni saki kicay ato sofitay saheto o satadamaanay to no hekal. O Amilika to sakisici atoponka a cecay kahapinangan nohekal o ci’icelay kitakit, i pikingkiw to kakak ato nifana’an mahaop malo o kakeridan no hakal. O Amilika o Linhoko, kingkonohekal, kasakitakit a payso a kiking sacefang, kasacefang no Amilika pa’ayaway a cefang ato kaitiraan a songto ko Amilika, i kasakitakit a demakan miheop to sakasasowal.

Ngangan no kitakit (國名)

No Inkiris ngangan (英文名)

“The United States” onini a ngangan o lecok no Amilika ato so’elinay a pipangangan, sa’ayaway manengneng i misiiked a rotoh ato kimpo no Amilika (Constitution of the United States), I sakowan, misilsil ko kitakit to sasowalen to Amilika i, o pakaynian to sasowalan. Sa’ayaw o nairaan, tinako “The United States are” (nairaan kapolongan lekatep a), halo 1856 miheca nihaydaan dademaken a “kimpo no Amilika” saka 13 liyad nifalican ang. tangasa i paherek no laloma'ay no Kitakit a lalood no Amilika, itiya a niira “The United States is” (niira kapolongan lekatep a). anini niira sanay to salongan[47][48], sakamoko’ ko pitahidang U.S..

“United States of America”, nai ci John Dickinson mitiliday i 1776 miheca 6 folad 17 romi’ad a nipatatekoan a kitakit a kasatisil saka tosa a pa’ayaw tilid masadak[49], sakamoto’ tilid misakamoko’ U.S.A.. patodong to norikec a sakowan a pangangan, caay to kamatiya no US ko dadahal kananam. Talacowa tina tosaay manga’ayay to demaken, nika ira to ko sakacitodongan pidemak, USA sa’adihayay pidemak itiniay i onto a kalalifetan. Tinako i tilifi pahapinang to milifetay no kitakit a fayfay o ISO ko marocekay, misakamoto’ U.S.A., Amilika caay ka dengan koni, mitilid to kasatelek no Amilika sa’ayaway masadakay a taypiaw no citodongay a ngangan “United States of America”.

Roma a sakamoto’ “America” (Amilika), I 1507 miheca, nai Germany micokaay ci Martin Wasemuller nisanga’an “o palapalaan no hekal”, Amilika kanatal sa’ayaw i coka no hekal mapatilid to “America” [50]. Nawhani misolapay no Itali ci Amerigo Vespucci paini tina ta’akay sera o fa^elohay caay ko nano itiyaay a na Columbus a nisowalan tiya kawaliay no Asiya. O Amilika nai Amilika kanatal a cingangan. I Inkiris a sowal, Amilika ato Milikan malecaday to “America”, o pifalic ko kasasiroma, ’ayaway pitoro’ to Amilika kanatal, ikoray pitoro’ to U.S. [51][52].

“Columbia (kolompiya)” o nanaman pangangan to Amilika, o nai ci Columbusan, pinapina a demakan no Amilika tangasa anini o nian “Columbia” ko pangangan, tinako Washington Columbia tadaniyaro’, Columbia paratohay kosi, South Carolina maci Columbia[53].

Likisi (歷史)

Mi’o’ot mikikiway pahapinang, ’ayaway ni Yis to 5 ’ofad mihecaan miteka masadak ko tamdaw i Amilika. Orira ato tamdaw malecad a masadak i Dipong ato Scandinavia a romi’ad. I ’ayaw no kairaan no tamdaw malinah nai Asiya ato Europe. O karomakatan no tamdaw nai salongan i ’ayaw 1.4 ’ofad tangasa 1.1 ’ofad mihecaan. Ikor masa o yincumin no Amilka[59].

I 1492 miheca 10 folad 12 romi’ad, i no Spain fafahiyan hongti a nitoka’an, ci Columbus tahira i Bahamas palapalaan a San Salvador pala[59]. I 1493 miheca, ci Columbus itira i aniniay a Santo Domingo patireng to saka cecay a nicingcingan no Spain[59]. Ka’amisay Amilika kanatal a yincumin sarakat mihamham parono mipadang to mafalaway finawlan, nikawrira matokinihay aca o nipicingcingan a mipatay, milaplap ato mifades, nanoyaan miteka ko yincumin a macingcing[60].

I 1607 miheca, itira i London a Virginia kosi i ka’amis Amilika Chesapeake Bay a James niyaro’ patireng to no Inkiris saka cecay nicingcingan[59]. Ikor, Inkiris i ka’amis Amilika Tasiyang lilis no riyar a kawali ka’amisay ato sasifo’an dado’edo patireng to picingcingan. I 1624 miheca, Netherlands (Holand) i Hudson ’alo patireng to picingcingan – New Netherlands, naitiya to ikor pinapina polo’ mihecaan misakakahad tayra i Connecticut ato Delaware ’alo[59]. I 1652 miheca tangasa 1675 miheca, Inkiris ato Netherlands kinatolo a malalood, ikor nanoya miliyas ko Netherlands to ka’amis Amilka, itiya matafad no Inkiris ko New Netherlands pado’edo micowat to picingcingan.

Tangasa 1775 miheca, ’ayaw no kalalood to pisiiked no Amilka, o Inkiris i ka’amis Amilika Tasiyang a lilis no riyar aniniay Amilika laloma’ tiya a mipatirengan to 13 a nicingcingan (New Hampshire, Massachusetts Bay, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina ato Georgia) [60].

Siiked ato picowat (獨立與擴張)

I 1760 mihecaan ato 1770 mihecaan, 13 ko ka’amisay Amilika nicingcingan ato Inkiris a masasirimok, saka i 1774 miheca ato 1775 miheca madado’edoay a kasasiwtoc. Pikihatiya no 13 a no macingcingay taypiaw to saka 2 lekad lalan a kalomaocan i 1776 miheca 7 folad 4 romi’ad masasitilid “paratoh pisiiked no Amilka”, oya kasasiwtoc mala o pisiiked a lalood, o taypiaw i kalomaocan miketong patireng to lalanay sofitay sapilifet to safitay no Inkiris, ci George Washington ko kakeridan[60].

I 1781 miheca, “kasalekatep a tonekan” ya 13 a nipatatekoan a kitakit mapolong to mihayda, patireng to mido’ocay a kasalekatep. Nano Pppadang no Frence ato Spain, mataneng karorayan to 8 mihecaan sakisiiked a lalood, o saklalan a sofitay paherek ko pipidah to sofitay no Inkiris, itiya o Inkiris i 1783 miheca mitilid to “Paris tatonekan”, songila’ mihayda to 13 a ka’amisay Amilika nicingcingan a missiked. I 1787 mihecaan i Philadelphis a lomaoc, paini to no lekatep mafalic to o nipatatekoan a kitakit i kimpo, I 1789 miheca 6 folad, onini a “Nipatatekoan a kitakit a Amilika” milayap to ko 9 a kanatal ko mitliday to sapisitapang[60].

I 19 sici miteka, o salaloma’an no Amilika miteka ira ko “ono kakarayan a niketonan ko ’orip”, “o nipafelian no kakarayan ko ’orip” mala o pakayraan no sici no Amilika a sowal[61][62], o roma to a sasowalen “o nipili’an no kakarayan” ko Amilika tamdaw sanay to sapisadadahalaw to sera ato ’icel. Nai 1803 miheca tangasa 1848 mheca, o pala no Amilika nai pisiikedan matongal to 3 sainanengan, pafalohang to fa^elohay a Nikapolongan Kitakit o “mamisakakahad to polong no ta;akay sera” sanay a pisafaloco’, pasayra i awaayay ko tolas ko pisadadahal, halo ’ayaw pi’aca to Louisiana micomoday to i laloma’ay a sera[63]. Mahaenay picowat i 1812 miheca a kalaslood itiya malitemoh ko kamoto’ay a safo’ot, nika ranikay nai kalaloodan a paherek a pado’edo ko demak. Nanoya kalaloodan, finawlan no Amilika matongal “nai Tasiyang tayra i Tayang” ko picowat a haratengan, o caayay ko mamafo’ot a ’orip.

I 1848 miheca micalap to katimlay maci no Moxico, pakatapi’ i lalood no Amilika Moxico. Mihayda to ko Moxico to Taxas to piteko i Amilika, mikelac to 200 ’ofad pinfang kongli a sera (o malitosaay a sera) pafeli han ko Amilika[64]. Patoror ko sifo no Amilika pasietip ko pipamatang, mapatoror haca to pipalalan to no marar a lalan, itiya adihay ko siwtoc to Intian Yicumin. I 19 sici salepon sofitay no Amilika ato finawlan sofitay kinapinapina sapitekopan to Yincumin no Amilka a demak, tangasa paherekan saki’orip no Yincumin no Amilka[65].

Sapifades rikec, laloma’an lalood ato kakayan a saniyaro’ (奴隸制、內戰和工業城市化)

Mido’edo tomacowat ato comahad no kitakit, masadak to ko fa^elohay a hahiratengen, ka’amisay citodongay to nipatatekoan a sifo ato katimolay kanatal a sifo itini tosapisopedaw to sapifades ato sakowan no kanatal ira ko kasacirid no demak: ka’amisay kanatal maliyang to sapicowat to mifadesay a telek (caay ko sapiliyang to pifadesay a telek), miliyang to fa^elohay micomod a kanatal to sapifades a talek; okatimol kanatal miliyang to ka’amisay a kanatal to pilalang to matiniay saki’orip, orasaka militadoay to pifades a telek to saka cakat to misatakomoday a kinaira[24].

I 1860 miheca mala congtong ko nikapolongan cefang ci Lincoln Abraham itiya, tata’ak ko kala siwtocan[66], onian o nano ni Lincoln a nikapolongan cefang ko miliyangay to sapicowat to mifadesay a telek. O South Carolina mala sa’ayaway mihapiw to sapiliyas to nipatatekoan a kanatal, tatootoor sato ko 6 a katimolay kanatal sapiliyasan, i 1861 miheca mipatireng to nipatatekoan kitakit a Amilika sapiso’ayaw miliyang to nipatatekoan kitakit a sifo. Caay ho kahalafin ko pipatireng ci Lincoln, ira to ko laloma'ay no Kitakit a lalood, laloma'ay lalood no Amilika i 1865 miheca mapaherek, itiya paherek ko sapifades a telek ato no kanatal ira ko tatodong to sapaliyas to nipatatekoan a kitakit a solongoc sa a kalaliyang. Onini a laloma'ay no kitakit a lalood malacawang no likisi no Amilika, nanoya matongal ko salingoc no nipatatekoan sifo[67], mapatireng ko tatodong no nipatatekoan cefang a mi’emet to sapikowan to Amilika a sici, tangasa i 1933 mihecaan.

I 1902 miheca kawaliay hekal mafolaway no Amilika itira i New York Ellis pala mipatireng to kaysiya, marer a lalan ato kaliomahan (1902年美國東岸的移民在紐約埃利斯島創辦工廠，鐵路和農場)

I laloma'ay no Kitakit a lalood a nicowatan a kaki ato nai Europe ’alomanay mafolaway o saka damso to ’alomanay a matayalay to fa^elohay a kinaira no Amilika, i ’ayaw awaay ko mikiharay mapatireng to ko adihayay niyaro’ ato maci, ranikay macowat ko misanga'ay to dafong no Amilika ato sakapasayra i ci’icelay i kasakitakit. Matatood, o Amilika midemak to katalawan i roma kitakit to sakihongtian, halo kalalood i kaetipay Amilika[68] ikor no pilowid macalap ko Puerto Rico ato Philippine nano Spain a micingcingan i roma kitakit, o saka malaci’icelay no hekal kpo Amilika[60].

Tosaay kalalood no hekal ato karawrawan no kicay (兩次世界大戰與經濟大恐慌)

Saka cecay kalalood no hekal i 1914 mihecaan miteka, sa’ayaw i kitenokay ko Amilika; nawhani o Germany milalood ko i lalinikay no riyar a tamina mipaleneng to ramakatay tamina no Amilika i Tasiyang (RMS Lusitania), saka’adihay ko mapatayay finawlan no Amilika, maforaw to ko finawlan no Amilika[60]. I saikoray a kalaloodan, o Amilika i 1917 miheca mikapot to kasatatelekan kitakit a miliyang to malekatepay kitakit.

Nawhani o likisian a demak, o finawlan no Amilika sini’adaay to Inkiris ato France, talacowa ira ko miliyangay a papinapina no Germany tamdaw ato Ireland tamdaw to pikihatiya[69]. O sakadamaaw no mikadomay ato nipatatekoan a sifo to adihayay a mikadomay i Europe o nian ko sapikihatiya no Amilika malalood. I Amilika nai 1917 miheca ona mikihatiya to lalood, sakilalood ira ko kafalican, saki kasatatelekan kitakit i 1918 mihecaan matapi’ay. Ikor no lalood, calemcemay to pihakitiya to demak no Europe, o Kararemay pikaykian kalomaocan caay pihayda to no kasatatelekan kitakit to pisetek to malekatep kitakit a Versailles tatelek[60]; mafelihay, pasayraay i pakacecayay ko halaka no Amilika.

O kalaloodan o sakadoka’ no Inkiris France Germany a kitakit. Nawhani kalalood caay ho kai sera no Amilika, malosakacidafong ato katadamaan no Amilika. Satowitowis han i 1920 mihecaan, o miliomahan a pinaloma alokelong ko ’aca, macakat ko nitayalan a kinaira, saka macowat a cemahad ko kicay no Amilika. O roma sato macakat ko picaliw to payso ato kadom no laliacaan kowat itiniay tina kacomahad no kicay, itiya i 1929 miheca maseri’ ko nikadoman, nanoyaan sa kararawrawan to kicay[60]. Oni a kararawrawan no kicay paherek sato ko pikowan mikerid pinapina mo^etepay miheca to sici no Amilika, o nikapolongan cefang ci Franklin Delano Roosevelt ko macakatay mikowan.

O sakatapi’elalaw no kicay, ni Franklin Delano Roosevelt a sifo misafa^eloh to pakayraan no sifo, mitongal a picara ko nipatatekoan sifo to kalaliaca no kicay, nikawrira, o kicay no Amilika tangasa ikor no saka tosa kalaloodan a mapalowad[60].

I 1941 miheca 12 folad 7 romi’ad tona pihokhok no Dipong to Pearl harbor, mikapot ko Amilika miliyang to fascism (Nisatekedan a Mikowan) malekatep a milifet to mi’erecay kitakit. Padoedo a pinapina a kalaloodan malosakatadamaan a likisi no Amilika a kalalood, nikawrira tala’ayaway ato aikoray masanga’ ko adihayay a katayalan, ato no sofitay a misang'ay to lalosidan a sakapalowad ko kinaira nisanga’ay, o sakapasadak i katalawan a kicay no Amilika. Nanoya manga’ay mikihatiya ko fafahiyan no Amilika tina ta’angay katayalan[70].

ki’etecay a laloodan ato siwtoc no fanacadan (冷戰時期和種族衝突)

Ikor no katapi’ no lalood, Amilika ato Rossia a siwtoc masapinangay, o Amilika taypiaw no micongeday to sihong ca'enot halaka to kicay a kalaliacaan ato sakisici a pakoniraay nikapolongan sakowan, o Russia o taypiaw no micongeday to kisanto ca’enot halaka to kicay ato nisatekedan a mikowan, sakacowat no Russia ato niharatengan ko sakasiwtoc i 1940 mihecaan teloc lalingatoan a ki’etecay a laloodan[60]. Oni tasaay a kitakit i romaroma a sa’etal ato kitakit ko mikotayay to kalalood, halo South Korea lalood, Vietnam lalood, kinalimaay a lalood i Middle East (congtong) ato mangangataay to o heneng ko kalalood a katalawan sapirapot i Cuba, ato Afghanistan a lalood[60].

I nisa’icelan to no Amilika a hikoki no kitakit ato kakarayan congpo, ikor i no Amilika romi’ad i 1969 miheca 7 folad 20 romi’ad sakinacecay malaheci ma’efer ko tamdaw tayra i mipatalafekangan i folad.

Oyaan i laloma’ no Amilika, o syakay no Amilika masapinang ko kasasiiked no finacadan, ngalef i no timolan. Nai 1950 mihecaan milingato, oni a misawacoay a rikec malosapilengat na Martin Luther king kakeridan to sakilongoc no finawlan a onto, tahaikor mapalasawad ko katimolay kasakanatal to misiikeday to finacadan a rikec[60], i 1964 mihecaan sakilongoc no finawlan mitelek to paherek to sakicimacimaan to finacadan ato sakicimaan a pisawacoan to tamdaw, halo katayalan ato kiwiko a misawacoay[71]. Talacowa anohatini, o sakifinacadan no Amilika ato caayay kalalen no kicay ira i salaloma’an a waray tangasa anini caayay ka haheci masalof[72].

Yanaa (當代)

Yana a mihecaan i 1970 katalawan to sakisimal sakatararikor no kicay, ci Ronald Reagan i 1980 mihecaan malacongtong, itiya o samato’asay a congtong. I 1980 mihecaan, misa’icel pasikicay picikeroh ni Reagan, saka i 1980 miheca milengato mapalowad ko kicay no Amilika. 1991 miheca o Russia malaliyas ko lekapot, dengan cecay to o Amilka ko sakiemelay kitakit i hekal[60]. Oyanan to ko pipaocor no Amilika to sofitay tayra i roma kitakit milalood, tinako i 1991 mihecaan a lalood i Persian gulf. I 1990 miheca, nawhani pasidigit kafalic ato calay ko misanga’ay to adihayay katayalan ato kicik kafafalic, mataneng to no Amilika ko awaayay ho a kacowat nokicay, fa^elohay a silicon malasatadamaanay to a kinaira no hekal kaitiraan, mahofoc ko matiyaay o Apple kosi ato Google ta’akay sakiratoh kinaira a kosi[76][77].

I satapangan no 21 sici talikeda to 911 a demak, mapasemer ko faloco’ no finawlan no Amilka, sakadadefong no kacacofelan a demak no Amilika mipasatoker to masakakoki’an ca’enot a katalawan ko patonekan[78]. O Amilika sifo milingato mico’ay to sakakoki’an ca’enot lalood ato demak – Afghanistan lalood, i 2001 miheca 10 folad mawarwar ko Taliban sakowan no Afghanistan, ikor toya miheca 12 folad patireng linci sifo ko Afghanistan; haca i 2003 miheca mipalowad to lalood i Iraq, mawarwar ko sakowan ni Saddam Hussein, patireng to linci sifo ko Iraq[79].

Nawhani o Amilika to saki tiniay sifo ikaka ko mitiya a pinangan ato sofitay a ’icelan, o saka rihanaw no finawlan i kaitiraan no sofitay. O Amilika to sakico’ay to sakakoki’an ca’enot i, nawhani kasademak malitemoh ko ka’acekan to pifades to marofoay ato pisailipalaw to finawlan a demak, matiya o pilifades no sofitay no Amilika to marofoay lalaloodan a Iraq, milokes ko sofitay to Koran a codad demak, mifohatan no wiki topipipatay to finawlan no Iraq a filomo (sasing) ato pipatireng no Amilika i kasaicowa no hekal a to’emanay pirofoan, malasaka’iloen no i niyaro’ay finawlan ato kasakitakit[80][81][82].

Nai ikor no 2008 mihecaan, talahenot ko kicay no Amilika to sakinatosa localiw to payso a katalawan, masa matefad ko kicay, i matini lomowaday to a macakat, awaayay ko katayalan tamdaw nai ’akawangay to 10% masereday to. Nikawrira, polong no sakinatosa localiw to payso katalawan saki Amilika o kiemelay kitakit oya: to caay ka ngiyangi.

I 2009 miheca 1 folad 20 romi’ad, i likisi no Amilika sa’ayaway nano Afrika tamdaw congtong ci Baraba Obama mihapiw to piptirengan, i 2017 miheca 1 folad misawad. 2017 miheca 1 folad 20 romi’ad, sakato’asay mihecaan congtong no Amilika – itiya 70 miheca ni Downer Trump mihapiw to piptirengan, i 2019 miheca kalifongan to COVID – 19 itiya, mangalef ko kasetol no kicay, macakat ko awaayay katayalan. I 2021 miheca 1 folad 6 romi’ad, micokeray ci Trump mimedok i kalomaocan no Amilika, mirawraw to pisa’osi ato piwacay to paheci no pisingkiw to congtong a citodongay saopo no lomaocan no Amilika[84][85]. 2021 miheca 1 folad 20 romi’ad, 78 mihecaan ni Joe Biden mihapiw to piptirengan, i likisi samato’asay mihecaan no Amilika a ongtong malifet aca.

Palapalaan (地理)

O Amilika itiniay i kaetpay kalitosa no cikiw, nano Amilika, Alaska sa’etal ato Hawaii sa’etal toloay a masakapot: Amilika nano sera halo ka’amisay Amilika faniyot 48 kasasiriting a sa’etal; Alaska sa’etal i ka’amis Amilika faniyot pakaetip ka’amis latoso pala; Hawaii itiniay i Taypinyang kasapalaan.

Roma, Taypinyang ato Caribbean riyar ira ko Puerto Rico no Amilika sera. I palapalaan, no “Amilika a sera” patoro’ to nao Amilika sera masasikiting to 48 a sa’etal, halo Washington Columbia (D.C), caay ka halo Alaska sa’etal, Hawaii sa’etal, Puerto Rico, Guam ato Amilikan Virgin palapalaan, Amilikan Samoa, ira ho ka’amis Mariana palapalaan, ato 11 awaayay ko tamdaw a kasapala (Bajo Nuevo pantaay hakal ato Serranella pantaay hakal) iraay ho ko kalaliyangan, so’elinay o Colombia ko mikowanay).

Dadahal no ’a’ecocen (領土面積)

O Amilika nao saka tosa ta’akay kitakit, i hekal o saka tolo ano eca sakasepat ta’akay kitakit, o dadahal no sera halo niyah sera, ka’amisay Amilika safaniyot a Alaska ato Taypinyang tenokay a Hawaii palapalaan. O dadahal ira ko 937 ’ofad pinfang kongli (o no sera a dadahal ira ko 915 ’ofad pinfang kongli), ano patongalen to limaay a ta’akay fanaw no Amilika a todong makowanan 16 ’ofad pinfang kongli, cepo’ no ’alo, ngoso’ no minato, laloma’ay riyar a mililisay to riyar a nanom salongan ira ko 10 ’ofad pinfang kongli, o dadahal salongan ira ko 963 ’ofad pinfang kongli, ano tongalen ko riyar a sofal dadahal ira ko salongan 20 ’ofad pinfang kongli, dadahal solongan ira ko 983 ’ofad pinfang kongli.

Ano padeteng o dadahal no hekalan a sera, Amilika (salongan 915 ’ofad pinfang kongli) o saka tolo a tisil, rarikoran no Russia, Congko, ka’ayaw no Canada (salongan 909 ’ofad pinfang kongli) [86]

Sakakaay maocor citodong “no hekal alatek” matisil 9,833,517 km² oni sa’osi halo no niyah a riyaran dadahal[87]

Sakakaay maocor citodong “no hekal alatek” matisil nai 1989 miheca tangasa 1996 miheca miteka no Amilika polong no dadahal matisil 9,372,610 km². I 1997 miheca mafalic tangasa i 9,629,091 km², 2004 miheca mafalic tangasa 9,631,418 km², 2006 miheca tangasa 9,631,420 km², 2007 miheca tangasa 9,826,630 km², 2010 miheca tangasa 9,826,675 km²[88][89].

I laloma’ no “Sakakaay a micowatay no Inkiris hontian kitakit pitiya a hong” matilid ira ko 9,525,067 km², oni a tilid halo sera ko dadahal ira ko 221,783 km², o limaay a ta’akay fanaw no Amilika a todong makowanan 155,641 km²; caay ko halo lilissay no riyar a nanom dadahal (laloma’ no nanom) ira ko 109,645 km² ato sofal riyar dadahal198,921 km²[90][91].

Sofal sera a pisakakahadan (領土開拓史)

Nai 1783 miheca 9 folad 3 romi’ad “Paris tonekan” kasasitelek, makahayda ko Amilika to pisikedan i, Amilika a sofal pasietip ko picowat, to kinapitoay, nao 13 ko kasa’etal matongal tangasa 50 to ko kasa’etal.

Ta’akay ko cwat: (主要大的進展：)

I 1803 miheca 4 folad 30 romi’ad, Amilika ato France masasitelak to pakayniay to kalali’aca to Louisiana, Amilika 1500 ’ofad Amilika payso ma’aca ko 2,144,476 pinfang kongli a sera, matiya to aniniay Amilika a sera kadadahal to 22.3%, o itiyaay yaan Amilika a sera k dadahal, saka masadadahal pasayra kaetip macowat[24]:

I 1819 miheca, nai Spain ma’aca ko Florida sa’etal[24];

I 1845 miheca, Taxas nikapolongan kitakit mikapot to Amilika (Taxas nikapolongan kitakit i 1836 miheca misiiked nai Mexico) [24];

I 1848 miheca, ikor no kalalood no Amilika ato Maxico, California nikapolongan kitakitnai Maxico misiiked mikapot to nipatatekoan a kitakit, citodong to ko Amilika to California sa’etal, Nevada sa’etal, Utah sa’etal polong a niyaro’, Colorado sa’etal, Arizona sa’etal, New Mexico sa’etal ato Wyoming sa’etal a todong niyaro’ [24]; 1864 miheca, masasitelek to Inkiris, citdong to Oregon sa’etal (halo aniniat Oregon, Washington ato Edward sa’etal) [24]; 1867 miheca 4 folad 9 romi’ad, Amilika pai 720 ’ofad amilika payso nai Russia gongti kitakit ma’aca ko Alaska, 1959 miheca macakat o saka 49 sa’etal no Amilika[24];

1898 miheca 8 folad 12 romi’ad, paherek ko kalalood no Amilika ato Spain, o Spain 2000 ’ofad ko pipa’aca to Philippines, Guam, Puerto Rico to Amilika; oya miheca a Hawaii nikapolongan kitakit mikapot to Amilika, 1959 miheca 8 folad 21 romi’ad, Hawaii sa’elin mala no saka 50 a sa’etal no Amilika[24].

Aniniay a rakat (現狀)

Nano Amilika ira ko 50 sa’etal ato Washington D.C (Washington Columbia) sakapot. Oya 48 sa’etal mararitiritingay, o saka’amsay Amilika faniyot sifo’an. Osaw tosaay sa’etal, Alaska itiraay ka’amis Amilika faniyot sakakaetip ka’amis, o kawali makakafit to Canada, kaetip ato Russia Siberia niyaro’ mila’ed to riyar masasi’ayaw; Hhawaii itiniay i Taypinyang a kasakanatal, kaetip katimol no ka’amis Amilika to 3700 kongli. Roma, ira ko milesapay i Caribbean riyar (Puerto Rico) ato Taypinyang (tinako Guam) papotalay no riyar a sofal. O sera no Amilika nai kawali tangasa Tasiyang, kaetip tangasa Taypinyang, katimol tangasa Maxico, ka’amis tandasa Canada, ka’amis so^eda riyar (Alaska sa’etal) [92].

Kasakowat (地形)

O sera no Amilika masasiromaay kokafafalifalic, mangalef i pasaetip. Kawali lilis no riyar a niyaro’ ira ko masadafdafay sera lilis no riyar, dadahal ko no katimol, no ka’amis o madadi’ecay, ka’amis lilis no riyar a dafdaf itira i New Jersey sa’etal awaay to, nika i Long island ira ko kalineknekan no so^eda a dafdaf. I lilis no riyar a dafdaf laloma’ay o kasalotolotok, manayat tahira i South Carolina sa’etal ato New Hampshire sa’etal, takaraw 1830m a Appalachian tokotokosan.

I kaetip no Appalachia lotok o tenokay kaetip a laloma’ a dafdaf, itini o panahalay, limaay a fanaw ato Mississippi ’alo-Missouri ’aloan-o sakasepat no hekal a ta’;akay ’alo[93] itiniay to. I kaetipay no Mississippi ’alo, laloma’ay no dafdaf a sera macakatay, saikor micomod i tatenokan no Amilika dadahalay masakasenengan a ta’akay dafdaf.

I ta’akay dafdaf ira ko kasatokos a Rocky lotok, nai katimol a tala’amis mapalitosa ko Amilika, i Colorado sa’etal a takaraway tokos tangasa i 4270m[94]. I ’ayaw a Rocky lotok ira ko marafrafay dademak a namal lotok; anini dengan to cecay to a sa’etal (Wyoming sa’etal a kaliliyalaway ’ongcoy kitakit a koyin satadamaanay namal lotok-latek o sata’akay a namal lotok i hekal).

Ta’akay masahefongay-kaliliyalaw (大盆地的位置-橙色部分)

I kaetip no Rocky a lotok ira ko ’akawangay a dafdaf masahefongay a pala, itini ira ko adihayay a lotolotok, cicilahay a dafdaf ato co’ed a lotok, itini ira ko masahefongay tafotafokan, i ka’amisay Amilika sadadahalay a tafotafokan. I Nevada a lotolotokan masakarotoday a ’efong. I kaetip katimol ira ko ta’akay sahefong i safaay no rayasay no riyar a mapatayay ’efong (Death Valley), itira o saapeneray a sa’etal no kaetipay cikiw. Ta’akay sahefong i ka’amis ato Cascade lotok kawali o Colombia a dafdaf, ira ko cecay ta’akay a namalan a ’ongcoy, sata’akay lenlenan a ’ongcoy. Itira toya ta’akay sahefong kaetip o Nevada lotolotokan i Amilika nai riyar sa’akawangay a Whitney lotok (4418m).

Nai Colorado ’alo micofel i Colorado a ’akawangay dafdaf maro i sepatay co’ed i tatenokan, ’akawangay dafdaf milakec to Utah sa’etal, Colorado sa’etal, Arizona sa’etal ato New Mexico sa’etal, ’akawangay dafdaf a dadahal ira ko 337,000 pinfang kongli, ’akawangay dafdaf salongan nai riyar a takaraw 600 tangasa 3870m, ’akawangay dafdaf ko dadahal ira ko 337,000 pinfang kongli, ’akawangay dafdaf ko nai riyar sa’akawangay 600 tangasa 3870m, nika ira ko ta’akay maperaxay no tafok a ’ongcoyan, oni a kahengangay a sera a ’akawangay dafdaf o nano kitakit a kamaro’an no koying koni, halo Bryce, ta’akay ’efong ato Zion.

I lilis noTaypinyang riyar a niyaro’ o Taypinyang riyar a lotolotok ato Cascade lotolotok, nai katimol tangasa ka’amis no Amilika.

Alaska sa’etal ira ko adihayay lotok, halo ka’amsay Amilika faniyot satakaraway 6194m a Denali lotok, kaetipay no Alaska ato katimolay no Aleutian palapalaan ira ko adihayay namal lotok.

Hawaii palapalaan o fa’edetay a namal lotok pala, masiraya dadahal mata’elif 2400 kongli, nai 6 ta’akay pala ato roma mimingay pala masakapot.

Kafafalifalic no romi’ad (氣候)

O nikadadahal ato kaadihay no sasiroma no tarapatan, o Amilika ira ko no hekalan kafafalic no romi’ad:

Kawali ka’amis lilis no riyar ato 5 ta’akay fanaw o nano Cobain a kafafalic no romi’ad a masisil “dadahalay pala fala’faay no kilangan romi’ad” ato ni Zhou Shuzhen kafafalic no romi’ad a masisil fala’faay dadahalay pala soemetay romi’ad: si’enaway a Labrador ato malikelonay talatimol li’etecay a fali, kasi’enawan si’enaw, kaciherangan maso^emet, adihay ko ’orad a so^eda, mihecaan a ’orad 1000mm;

Kawali katimol ato Mexico sahofong a lilis o “kaciherangan kilangan romi’ad” ano eca ni Zhou Shuzhen kafafalic no romi’ad a masisil a sakatosa fa^edetay so^emetay romi’ad: o nano farawfaway romi’ad no Mexico, fala’fa so^emet, mihecaan ’orad i kaka to 2000mm;

Tenokan dafdafa: si^enaw fala’fa a fali micomoday, kaciherangan fa’edet, kasi^enawan li’etec ci so^eda;

Kaetpay pala takaraway dafdaf: kasi^enawan ’afesak a kietec, kaciherangan ’afesak ma’edet, mihecaan ’orad laeno no 500mm;

Kaetip lilisno riyar i Taypinyang: katimol “fa^edetay Mediterranean a fafalic no romi’ad”, ka’amis “riyaran fala’fa kilangan romi’ad” ano eca ni Zhou Shuzhen kafafalic no romi’ad a masisil fala’fa riyaran romi’ad.

O nano ka’amisay apocok a fali ko nano Amilika a romi’ad, to mihecaan nai Taypinyang mapatayra ko malokelonay fali, oni malokelonay fali milakec to Nevada lotolotok, Rocky lotolotok, ato Cascade lotolotok mihawikidan ta’akay nanom, tona fali tangasa i kasifo’an ta’akay dafdaf malaliyaw malakapot, malasaka lahod malalitemoh sakaira no ta’akay foteli’ a ’orad, mangalef i canglahan ato kaciherangan.

No roma onini ta’akay ’orad latek ato roma matefaday fali malalitrmoh, padoedo tala’ayaw tayra i kawaliay riyar ato Tasiyang, mafalic a malarokirok sanay a kawali ka’amisay a faliyos (Nor'easter), I kawali ka’amis no Amilika a Tasiyang sa’etal ato New England masadahalay karetengay so^eda. Ta’akay dafdaf dadahalay rengorengosan masaadihayay no hekal tadancaay kafalifalic no romiadan.

Ta’akay masahefongay a pala ato Colimbia takaraway afdaf o makedalay caay kaorad, kakedalan awaay ko romi’ad 38mm aca. Kaetip katimol no Amilika o kakedalay a tafotafokan, kaciherangan safaedetay to pinapina lipay mataelif ko 38˚c. kaetip katimolay ato Ta’akay masahefongay a pala marawis no fali nai California, salongan ira sa ko ta’akay ’orad. California sa’etal saheto o no Mediterranean a romi’adan, noroma no mihecaan a 10 folad tangasa roma miheca 4 folad malenak ko ta’akay ’orad, roma a folad eca ka’orad. Mingataay to Taypinyang a kaetip ka’amisay sa’etal masamihecaan ko ’orad, nikawrira i kasi’enawan ato kacanlahan tata’ak ko ka’orad. Kaetipay lotok macefang ko maedengay a s’emetay, matefad ko ’orad ato katefad no so’eda tadakareteng. Cascade lotolotok o saadihayay ka tefad no so ’eda i hekal, nikawrira o marayasay a lilis no riyar caay kahakowa ko tefad no so’eda.

Ngataay no miheca nawhani polong no cikiw falawfaway salalad sa mafalic ko romi’ad, halo California sa’etal, Nevada sa’etal, Arizona sa’etal ato pinapina a sa’etal a kaetip niyaro’ nai 2011 miheca miteka matira to 4 miheca ko tadakeal, katefad no so’eda dengan to 6% samasereday no likisi, sakamalowan to ko nanom i fanaw, oya saka o nanom no liomahan ato nananomen no finawlan no California sa’etal cangootay to. O California sa’etal itira i 2015 miheca 4 folad 1 romi’ad miparatoh o sa’etal nano’ayaw sarakaay papiliwan milowan to 25% nanom a sowal no citodongay[95].

Pinalengaw (生物)

I Amilika ira ko mataelifa to 17,000 malengaway i niyah sera a kalolengaw ato kilakilang, no California sa’etal ira 5000 a lengaw, nai fa’edetay niyaro’ tangasa ka’amisay ’apocok ira ko kasasiraya a kalolengaw, no Amilika a kalolengaw o saadihayay kasasiroma i hekal, oya to, pina:ay masapatekay caayay ko no niyah a lengaw micamol to niyah a ’a’adopen pinalengaw. I Amilika ira ko 400 ko nipakaenan micoco, 700 ko ’ayam, 500 ko minafoyay ato romakatay ato 900,000 ko manengnengay a faofao[96]. Adihay ko pinalengaw ato ’a’adopen itira kasasiraya a kalolengaw a sa’tal, iro ko katalawan o mamalasawad.

O Amilika sa’ayaway i hekal misitapang minengneng to parapatan midipot a kitakit, o nipatatekoan a kitakit a sifo mikowan to 58 kitakit a koying midipt to adihayay kasasiroma a malengaway i tataparan a sa’etal[97]. Roma a sa’etal patireng to kohkohan pidipotan pala, o sakasongila’ mararid madipot ko itiraay ’a’adopen pinalengaw a kahiceraan. Amilika fotingan ato ipalaay ’a’adopen a mikowanay citodong mihimaw to mamalasawad ato katalawan no ’a’adopen pinalengaw, i polong no kitakit patireng to adihayay a ’a’adopen pinalengaw kahiceraan a miterekan a pala. O nia ’a’adopen pinalengaw a pidipotan polongen tangasa 2,643,807 pinfang kongli, micalap to polong a 28.8%[98]. Oni a sera saheto ono nipatatekoan a kitakit sifo midipota, nikawrira ira ko sa’etal patodongan to simal a pisolapan, pimararan ato ta’akay misaomahay.

No nanom ato lotolotok (水文與山脈)

O Mississippi ’alo o sakakaya’ay ’alo i ka’amisay Amilika hefong, nanom 6,270 kongli ko kakaya’, o saka 4 kakaya’ay i hekal (ka’ayaw o Nile ’alo, Amazon ’alo ato Yangtze); o nisonolan a dadahal 2,980,000 pinfang kongli, i ka’amisay Amilika pala sadadahalay ko nanom, kasahekal adihay ko fanaw ato henot. Tapangan no ’alo i Minnesota sa’etal ka’amisan no Rocky look, midoedo to sasifo’an ta’akay dafdaf, micomod i Mexico sahofong. Dengan o tapangan, pasayra i 40 ko cipa’, talolong 2.75m karomakatan ira ko 1 ’ofad kongli, micomod i picolo’an a ’alo ato limaay fanaw makakiting laloma’ay ’alo a lalan mido’edo.

Appalachia lotolotokan (阿巴拉契亞山脈圖)

Rocky lotolotokan (洛磯山脈圖)

Kawakiay a Appalachia lotolotok ato kaetipay Rocky lotolotok (o sakakaya’ay i hekal a lotolotok-Cordillera lotolotok) o no Amilika tosaay ta’akay lotolok.

Rocky lotolotok itiraay i pakaetip no ka’amisay Amilika, nai Canada milakec to kaetip no Amilika, tangasa i New Mexico sa’etal, mata’elif ko 4,800 kongli. Rocky a lotolotok a so’eda maloso’ patongal to nanom no ’alo ato fanaw a nanom, patodong to nanom no Amilika to 1/4. Oni a lotolotok mana’ang ko kadofahay parapatan kinaira.

O kasasikiked no sa’etal (地區劃分)

O pitomadaw to tamdaw no Amilika malisepatay sa’etal, noyanan maaisal to siwaay kasasiiked:

O pitomadaw to tamdaw no Amilika malisepatay sa’etal a cicu: sepatay ko kasasiroma no cengel taypiaw sepatay sa’etal.

Siwaay aisal ’etal

Saka cecay sa’etal (kawali ka’amis)

Saka cecay aisal (New England ’etal)

Saka tosa aisal (sasifo’ Tasiyang ’etal)

Saka tosa sa’etal. (sasifo’ kaetip)

Saka tolo aisal (sasifo’ a kawali ka’amis ’etal)

Saka sepat aisal (sasifo’ a kaetip ka’amis ’etal)

Saka tolo sa’etal. (katimol)

Saka lima aisal (katimol Tasiyang ’etal)

Saka enem aisal (sasifo’ kawali katimol ’etal)

Saka pito aisal (sasifo’ kaetip katimol ’etal)

Saka sepat sa’etal (kaetip)

Saka falo aisal (tokosan ’etal)

Saka siwa aisal (Taypinyang ’etal)

Kitakit a koying (國家公園)

Kaliyalaway fokeloh no Amilika saka cecay a kitakit koying, o saka cecay i hekal kitakit a koying, nai ci Ulysses S Grant i 1872 miheca mitilidan rikec mapatireng. I 1916 miheca, “Amilika kitakit koying sapikowan” mahapiw, patireng to Amilika kitakit koying mikowanay (laloma’an kowan) ko mamikowan tonini a koying, o patosokan “sapidipot to parapatan a nga’ayay, ipalaay ’a’adopen malengaway ato likisi no malantoay, osapadamso to tamdamdaw miraoy, o sakaeca ka kari’ang kina pala, a madotoc no ikoray”.

Anini i Amilika ira ko 58 a kitakit koying, o 14 mapacomod i hekalan a rocek. Polong ira ko 27 a sa’etal ko kitakit koying, halo Amilika Samoa ato Amilika Viking kasakanatal. Alaska sa’etal ato California hakaira ko 8 kitakit koying, satadamaanay i kasa’etal. Patireng to kitakit koying mamihayda ko Amilika kalomaocan to kasarikec a mahapiw.

Rikec ato sici (法律與政治)

Rikec (法律)

Midotoc to lecok no Inkiris ko rikec no Amilika to pisawkit, mirocok to “patododay to’asan” ko hoing no Amilika, o nano Inkiris Amilika Frace (riyaran rikec) a nisakapotan. I ’ayaw sifo’an no 19 sici, ’ayaway a pidemak noAmilika midoedo to itiyaay ho no Inkiris a tinakoan, ikor macowat to ko Amilika ira to ko no niyah a pisetek to rikec, tangasa aniniay Amilika polong no sarikec midoedo to no niyah to.

O kimpo no Amilika ko pakayraan no rikec, polong no kasasiroma nai kimpoay o i laenoay no kimpo ko sapilaheci. O maanan to a rikec caay ka pico’ay to kimpo. O i satakaraway ko kimpo, ano mihayda to ko kalomaocan ato kasiwtoc no rikec to kimpo, o i satakaraway no hoying ko painiay to sapiliyang to rikec, o kasacecay no hoying no Amilika o midotocay to kimpo a mitmadaw to demak. O satakaraway hoying i Marbury kokso Madison fangafang (1803 miheca) a mahapinang ko ’icel no salongoc no hoying, malasarakatay no hekal ko Amilika mitomadaw to maliyangay a kitakit.

I matini o samasongila’ay ato samalekoay to malacecayay mapolong a rikec “polong no kalaliaca a rikec” (UCC, 1952 mihecaan mahapiw) ato “pi’arawan sapitefoc rikec” (ALI).

Kasakanatal o awaayay ko no niyah tapangan salongoc a kitakit, ira ko no niyah a kimpo, miterek caira to nitelekan todengan no nipatatekoan a kimpo, no nipatatekoan a rikec ato nipatatekoan a kalomaocan a mihaydaan no kasakitakit nitelekan a kasahira a rikecan a sakowan. Polong no kasakanatal saheto no Inkiris a salongan rikec ko parana’an a nitelek. Louisana kanatal tona masangil no France “Napoleon sarikec” a dengan.

Kimpo (憲法)

O sahalafinay ko likisi mipatirengay to Nikapolongan Kitakit ko Amilika, i 1789 miheca milingato “kimpo” o sa’ayaway midemak to masaheciay a kimpo.

O kimpo noAmilika ato kalosalongoc a rikec to nisalofan o pisa’icel midama to sakapakoniraaw to finawlan: halo nisowalan, pakayraan a mitoor ato pakoniyah a mipasadak; mihayda to mi^ecelay piomadaw a salongoc; sakaira ato miwikid to sapilood a salongoc; pisingkiw salongoc, sasingkiwen salongoc ato kacidafong a salongoc. Talacowa o pihapiw topisiiked no Amilika mapatodong nohekal to sakacomahad to no tamdawan salongoc, ikor to nitelekan a kimpo o pidoedoan tadamaanay tosaki nikapolongan ato tamdawan salongoc, nikawrira pahapinang i likisi no Amilika, o milahecian ira ko kalaliyangan: tangasa i 1865 miheca o pipalasawad to mifadesay a telek; fafahiyan tangasa i 1920 miheca itiya ira ko pitopa a salongoc; 1964 miheca “finawlan salongoc a rikec” itiya to mapatireng paterep to mirapotay misawacoay to finacadan a rikec.

Sici (政治)

O ’icel no nipatatekoan a citodongay malitoloay, o roma sato masasikantokay ato masasi’emetay (malitoloay ko ’icel):

Mirikecay citodongay: oya lomaocan, nai Fafa'eday kalomaocan ato kararemay kalomaocan a malotosa. Ira ko nipatatekoan a pirikec a ’icel, pihapiw to lalood a ’icel, pihayda to telek a ’icel, kalali’aca no sifo a ’icel ato sapipalasawadaw a ’icel;

Midemakay citodongay: oya congtong, micokeray congtong ato nao congtong nitoro’an a Fafa'eday a nihaydaan no kalomaocan kakeridan no citodongay ato kasirarem, citodong midemak to no nipatatekoan a sarikec a mikowan a ’icel;

Hoying citodongay: oya fafa'eday ato kararemay no nipatatekoan hoying, mitomadaway nai congtong nitoro’an mihaydaan no kalomaovcan; ira ko pisaheci a ’icel ato mifilihay to miliyangay to kimpo a rikec a ’icel.

Saocor citodongay (情報機構)

Kalomaocan no kitakit (國會)

Kalomaocan no Amilika a kitakit tosaay ko kalomaocan faco a mirikecay, fafa'eday kalomaocan ato kararemay kalomaocan.

Fafa'eday kalomaocan ira ko 100 a malomaocay, ano kasasi ’aloman malowan ko tamdaw, kasakanatal ira ko 2 a malomaocay, o sapipa'ading to mimingay a kanatal i nipatatekoan a tatodong ato sakinaira. 6 miheca a lekad ko fafa'eday kalomaocan, mile’ed to 2 miheca salongan malitoloay to cecay (3/1) laliyawen misingkiw ko lomaocay.

kararemay kalomaocan ira ko 435 lomacay, o taypiaw no kasalomaocan a sa’etal, kasakanatal midotoc to ’aloman malowan no tamdaw a misingkiw to lomaocay, 2 miheca a lekad no lomaocay. O rocek midotoc to tamdaw, 10 miheca miliyaw kinacecay misaliyad, kasakanatal parocek to 1 ko kararemay kalomaocay. Nawhani kasa kanatal a tamdaw masasiromaay, imatinib kasa kanatal no kararemay kalomaocay fa^elohay a rocek no lomaocay (nai 2013 mihecaan mitekaan), ira ko 7 kanatal 1 ko lomaocay, sa’alomanay tamdaw o Califonia kanatal ira ko 53 no lomaocay, saka tosa o Texas kanatal 36 lomaocay, New York kanatal 27 lomaocay, Florida kanatal 27 lomaocay, Illinois kanatal ato Pennsylvania kanatal maka ha ira 18 lomaocay.

Congtong (總統)

O tatapangan no kitakit ko congtong, kakeridan no sifo, kakeridan no karayan riyaran, lalanan sofitay ato kalomaocan no sakarihaday no kitakit, ira ko todong mitoro’ i nipatatekoan kasatodong a kakeridan ato mikeriday, sa’akawangay hoying, kasafa'eday nipatatekoan hoying, niocoran a cacitodong a tamdaw, o ai fafa'eday kalomaocan a ’alomanay ko mihaydaay itiya manga’ay mapatodong, nakawrira ano midemak ato mipili’ ko lomaocay, mifalic to pihayda to sarikec no lomaocan, o mata’elif ko litosaan no kalomaocan manga’ay citodong.

O congtong mikerid to micokeray congtong ato citodongay midemak to dademaken. I laloma’ nolekad, o laloma’an no congtong i itira toya White House (fahecalay loma’) a maro’. O congtong manga’ay mi’inga’ing to mihahecian no kalomaocan a rikec, nikawrira ano nirikecan mahayda no tosaay ko kalomaocan a faco to malitosaay no tolo (3/2) piya, o mi’inga’ingan no congtong o mafelihay to. Manga’ay nocongtong pasayra i lomaocan midakdak to masamaanay sasowalen ato sapipatireng to rikec a halaka.

O micokeray congtong sa’ayaway tamdaw mamirocok to congtong, midama to pidemak no congtong to demak no kitakit, o cafay no congtong mikowan, pitengilan ato taypiaw to congtong mikihatiya to tadamaanay saopo. O micokeray congtong o laloma’an no lomaoc to sakarihaday no kitakit, orasaka tadamaan kai lomaoc to sakarihaday no kitakit. O micokeray congtong citodong to kakeridan no tosaay ko pikaykian faco no kitakit, citodong to (ano eca patorod to cecay fafa'eday pikaykian citodong) to kalocalay kalomaoc faco no kitakit. ’alomanay caay pikihatiya to pipakamay ko micokeray congtong, dengan malalen ko paya to pipakamay. Micokeray congtong citodong to mikerid to sakisaopo no kalomaocan.

Congtong ato micokeray congtong 4 miheca kinacecay misingkiw, nai 1951 mihecaan, mapatolas o cecay tamdaw sa’adihayay tosa a rekad. Talacowa congtong ato micokeray congtong a singkiw o finawlan ko misikiway, nikawrira sakacitodong o misingkiway tamdaw (misikiway o finawlan) ko miketonay – dengan o Maine ato Nebraska tosaay kanatal midotoc to nitopaan a todong no misingkiway a paya, roma 48 kanatal ato Washington a tadamaanay sa’etal ko “milowiday” a telek, no kanatal a misingkiway maemin pafelien to adihayay ko nitopaan a sasingkiwen a congtong, polong no kitakit a sasingkiwen 538 paya, o sasingkiwan ira ko 270 paya itiya a maala, o sa’osi malecaday to kalomaocan a lomaocay ko polonga to toloay i Washington a tadamaanay sa’etal a nisingkiwan a paya. Sasingkiwen a cefang i “papipa singkiw” o sakalahecian a demak, maalaay nisingkiwan i masingkiway a pitopa o papatayraen i maalaay i kanatal a congtong sasingkiwen, orasaka polong no pisingkiw itiya a romi’adan midotoc to kasakanatal a nisingkiwan a malaheci.

O sa’alomanay a tamdaw no Amlika itiraay i California kanatal ira ko 55 a sasingkiwen, saka tosa o Texas kanatal 38 lomaocay, saawaayay tamdaw o Alaska a 7 kanatal ko 3 ko sasingkiwen a paya. Nengnengen ko matiniay a demak, i hatiniay to a rekad to pisingkiw to congtong, o ’alomanay ko tamdaw o kalalifetan no congtong a sasingkiwen. I likisi no Amilika kinapinaay mafangafang ko demak, o congtong sasingkiwen talacowa i pisingkiwan makisafa ko paya to sakalalifet, pakaala to maedengay ko sasingkiwen a paya a maala to. Nikawrira, caay ko nikaawaay to sasingkiwen ko mamiselic to singkiw; mafelih aca, sasingkiwen cimaay ko nitopaan, o mamiti’er aca to kapolongan a singkiw pahecian, haloya nawhani i ’ayaw a pihalaka caay sapinang to matiniay nitelekan a kacangootan (nawhani itiya ho caayho ka fangcal ko sakicalay, midama to mami’ari'ang mirawraw to Amilika, saka mipatireng to nia citodongay) to saka caay ka ikaka to adihayay a paya maala a malacongtong (caayay ko mirocokay to sasingkiwen), matiniay a telek o sakanga’ay no ta’akay a cefang kosakaalaaw.

Congtong kadademakan a rawang (總統行政辦公室)

I 1939 miheca, mihayda ko kalomaocan no kitakit tocecay ta’akay rikec, caciyasen patireng mito’eto pasi congtong ko cacitodong a midemak. Tangasa anini citodongay a matongal ko dademakay sa misadadahalay. Adihayay citodongay o mamikerid to hamaan to o lomaocay ko mamihayda, dengan o caay ka papina, tinako Amilika a midemakay sapikowan ato miyosangay kakeridan ato Amilika kalali’acaan kakeridan a taypiaw (sahato o lalomaan no kakeridan a selal), laloma’ noni saheto o matayalay nai nipatatekoan a kitakit citodongay. Kasasitodong no midemakay nai Kohecalay Loma’ madademakay citodongay ko mamikerid.

Anini kasacefang no citodongay: (目前有以下組成機構：)

Kohecalay Loma’ kadademakan: oni citodongay i o congtong cecay ko midamaay, o kasakapot o congtong ko patodongay hamaan to o Kararemay lomaocan ko mihaydaay. ’akawangay tapang ono congtong a lekapot a misingkiw ato kapasdo’elinen ko citodongay, caay ka papina a dadermakay o sacofang misingkiw a mikingkiway ato talicayan ko citodongay. Kohecalay Loma’ a kakeridan ato micokeray kakeridan ko mamikerid.

Kicay komong wiyyinhuy

Liyok mangilosay wiyyinhuy

Amilika kitakit sakanga’ay lomaoc

Saseraan no kitakit sakanga’ay lomaoc

Rawang kadademakan

Pikowan ato yosang kadademakan: nai 1921 miheca patireng, o kakeridan ato laloma’an a selal, papihaydaen ko Kararemay pikaykian.

Kitakit sawarak mi’emetay dademaken a kadademakan

Kakako ato kicic dademaken a kadademakan

Amilika kalali’aca a taypiawso: Kakeridan “Amilika kalali’aca a taypiaw” o laloma’ay kakeridan a selal, papihaydaen ko Kararemay pikaykian

Saka cowat no kicay komong wiyyinhuy

Paocoray komong wiyyinhuy

Nipatatekoan a kitakit kadademakan (聯邦行政部門)

Nipatatekoan a kitakit kadademakan o tapang a kakeridan (po), o kakeridan no sakikacacofelan a demak no kitakit (kuo-o-cin), o salalomaananay dademakay no Amilika.

Anini ira ko 15 nipatatekoan a kitakit no Amilika kadademakan:

Fayfay no Amilika i kuo-o-yin

kuo-o-yin: I 1789 mheca patireng, i laloma’ay no kimpo a sa’ayaway kadademakan no nipatatekoan a kitakit. O todong to sakikacacofelan a demak (way-ciaw-po), satata’akay a kadademakan citodongay no Amilka, o kakeridan (kuo-o-cin).

Paysoanpo: I 1789 miheca patireng.

Pisimaw to kitakitpo: I 1947 miheca patireng, kadademakan i limaay kalico’co’an loma’.

Sakirikecpo: caay ko sakihoying citodongay, o nipatatekoan a kitakit misolapay (FBI) itiniay laeno.

Salaloma’anpo: citodongay mikowan to nipatatekoan a kitakit sifo to nanorocek a sera, onini caay ka lecad to roma kitakit to salalomaanpo patodong to yimeng ato sakarihaday a sakidemak.

Saliomahpo

Kalali’acapo

Matayalaypo

Isi atokapolongan sadamapo

Kamaro’an ato niyaro’ comahadpo

Picacolo’anpo

Kinairairapo

Kiwikopo

Misawaday sofitay dademakpo

Sakirihaday no serapo

Misiikeday citodongay no Nipatatekoan a kitakit

Misiikeday citodongay dengan o ka’ayaway a 15 sifo kasarekad ira ho ko kacitodong to ’icel no Nipatatekoan a kitakit, oya ’alomanay wiyyinhuy a sakapot mapolong mikowan a citodongay. Nawhani o iraay ko tekadan a kicic ato sakisici a matenokay pahapinang to nano nipidemak o saka’akawang no nipidemak. O citodongay kakeridan i kasasiromaroma a mala no Nipatatekoan a kitakit mikowanay ato mitomadaway.

Matini misiikeday citodongay i:

Amilika nipatatekoan a kitakit pasasaay sasiiked a licikay ta’akay loma’ (美聯準總部大樓)

Nipatatekoan pasasaay sasiiked (聯邦準備制度): i 1913 miheca mapatireng, o citodongay to demak no takaraway kinko. Citodong mikowan misakingkoay ato misarikec to midemakay to sakipayso. Masarocod ko nai 12 a sa’etal a pipasasaan a dademaken no kingko. Sa’akawangay mikowanay kasaselal no nipatatekoan pasasaay licikay nai 6 a wuyyin sakapot, kakeridan no wuyyinhuy nai wuyyin citodong, o congtong ko patoro’ay o kalomaocan ko mihaydaay, kakeridan no wuyyinhuy 4 miheca ko rekad a manga’ay padoedo. O todong no rekad no citatodongay a wuyyin ato kakeridan milakec to pinapinaay no congtong ato kalomaocan ko kacitongong no rekad.

Takaraway citodongay to saocor (中央情報局): 1947 miheca mapatireng, misopeday ato misaheciay to roma kitakit a sifo, kosi ato tekedan, sici, ponka, kaki a saocor, mipakakomod to romaroma a kitakit to aocoren a citodongay a pikihatiya, matiniay a saocor paratohen ko kasarekad no citodongay no Amilika.

Hikokian no kitakit ato citodongay to sakikakarayan no Amilika: 1958 mihecaan mapatireng, pateked to Amilika a kamok sapikingkiw to kakarayan.

Misimaway to liyok a pala no Amilika

Nipatatekoan singkiwan wuyyinhuy: Mihimaw to nipatatekoan kadademak no pisingkiw ato pisa’opo to payso no sakadademak.

Nipatatekoan calay tingwa wuyyinhuy

Kasakitakit kalali’aca wuyyinhuy no Amilika: nihaydaan rikecan nipatatekoan a citodongay. Citodong pasa i mirikecay citodongay ato midemakay citodongay padomso to kasakitakit lali’acaan painiay to nifana’an a sowal, citodong to micomoday to sakasiwtoc a kikayan no Amilika, masawili’ay lali’aca (tanako: paliwal ato picalap to nano nitilidan a demak) sapirahid.

Patinako a salolod (cen-cien) kalali’aca wuyyinhuy no Amilika: Sapidipot to ma’acaay to sa’isal (ko-piaw) ato salitadah (cay-cien) mipa’esolay.

Kalalingadan wuyyinhuy no Amilika: Sapidipot to mitahidangay ato makingaday.

Nina’angan ato nitilidan citodongay no kitakit: Mikowanay to sakilikisi no kitakit a nina’angan no kitakit.

Sakalemad no syakay citodongay: Mikowan to misawaday, sapalemed to masamo’ay ato saki’orip a payso patodong to hoking no syakay.

Sapikowan to matayalay a rawang: Padama to sakalalen ato kanga’ayan mipili’ ato sakanga’ay no malakomoyingay a lekapot.

Sakarihaday no kasasicolo’ wuyyinhuy no kitakit: Mitomadaw i Amilika to polong no malali’acaay no hikoki, todong no maraday lalan ato roma a ka’angian.

Yofingkyok no Amilika

Amilika kasakitakit kacowat citodongay: Mikowan to no Amilika i macowatay i hekal, tenokay ato sakawali no Europe, ato ’ayaway Soviet Union (Russia) a lekapot kitakit i papotalay kitakit a kicay ato saki no tamdawan sadama a kamok.

Sakirikec no nipatatekoan a kitakit (聯邦司法)

O hoying no nipatatekoan a kitakit citodong mitomadaw to tosaay ato rafasay kasa kanatal a fangafang, mi’iloay to rikec no nipatatekoan a kitakit, tatonekan no kasakitakit, kimpo no Amilika, no riyar a kalali’aca rikec, mapingko a rikec a todong no demak.

Hoying no nipatatekoan a kitakit malitoloay a selal: sa’ayaw pitomadawan a hoying oya i kasaniyaro’ay no Amilika a hoying, ira ko 94, mitomadaw to salaloma’an nikowanan no Hoying no nipatatekoan a kitakit kalodemakan; ira ko 12 pipacakatan hoying no Amilika, o pipasetek to nai kasa i laloma’ay no Hoying no nipatatekoan a kitakit to nai niyaro’ay pacakatan a dademakan, adihayay a dademakan o sapilaheci a setak to nipacakatan a hoying; pilaheci misetak o sakakaay hoying no Amilika, to mihecaan nilayapan i safa no 100 ko tatomadawen no hoying, o todong a midemak a saikoray o pisaheci to kimpo no Amilika.

Sakakaay hoying no nipatatekoan a kitakit ira ko 9 mipalitaay lekapot, o 1 malo tadamaanay a mipalitaay. Kasa mipalitaay o nano congtong a nitoro’an, pakayni i pitengil pihayda no fafa'eday lomaocay patorod. Sakinipatororan a kasademak, pakayni sa i pipaciro’ to kamay ko sapisetek.

Kasakanatal ato kasaniyaro’ a singkiw (各州與地方選舉)

Kasakanatal sifo no Amilika citodong to niyah a kimpo no kanatal, ira ko no niyah a fafa’eday kararemay a lomaocan (midotoc to kasasiromaan, dengan o Nebraska kanatal ko roma, cecayay ko kalomaocan). Kasakanatal pisikiwan masasiroma ko mihecaan. Kakeridan no kanatal 4 miheca ko rekad (dengan o Vermont kanatal ato Hampshire kanatal a kakeridan no kanatal 2 miheca ko rekad), manga’ay padoedo, ira ko ci sarekaday no kakeridan kanatal, ira ko awaay rekad.

O nipatatekoan sifo ato kanatal sifo (聯邦與州政府的關係)

I no nipatatekoan a kitakit a todong, o kanatal ato nipatatekoan sifo kasasifodan. Midotoc to sarikec no Amilika, kasakanatal ato kitakit malecaday ko salongoc. Nikawrira, i laloma’an kalalood no Amilika ato “Texas kanatal pakokot ci Whitean” patireng to pido’edoan i, o kanatal awaay ko tatodong miliyas to nipatatekoan a kitakit; midotoc to kimpo, awaay ko todong to kacacofelan a demak. nipatatekoan a kitakit no Amilika a rikec pakayni i kimpo a tatorodan a sofal ikaka ko no kasakanatal a niketonan kasasiromaromaan no sarikec, nakawrira o nipatatekoan a kitakit a sakowan itiniay i kimpo a nitelekan ko nidemakan; polong no caayay ka patorod i nipatatekoan a kitakit a sakowan materek i kasakanatal a sifo ato finawlan pakoniyah.

O sasowalen, laloma’ay no kanatal a demak a citodongay saheto i kamayay no kanatal a sifo. Onini halo lalomaay a kasasiparatoh; pakayni dafong, misang'ay to lalosidan, kalali’aca ato kapolongan a patirengan a lakakawa; pakayni no kanatal a rikec, tinako to patay a tefoc; ato no kanatal lalomaan a dademaken. Adihay ko no kanatal a rikec palecadan i kasakanatal. Ira ho ko na kanatal sakowan ato no nipatatekoan a kitakit a sakowan a matati’edipay.

To pina mihecaan, nipatatekoan a kitakit a sifo to sakiisingan, kiwiko, sakalemed, sakaromaskat, kamaro’an ato no maci a kacomahadan a sofal miteka tadamaan ko pakayraan midemak. Kasakanatal a kimpo ato no nipatatekoan a kitakit a kimpo malecaday to, dengan sakidemak a milaheci ira ko sasiroma, saki tamdawan a salongoc ato sifo a kasakapot. I lali’acaan, paysoan, kapolongan patado ato palemeday citodongay, ono kanatal a kimpo i kaka ko no nipatatekoan a kitakit a kimpo ko nikatasim.

Sician a kasarekad (政黨)

O nipatatekoan a kitakit sifo no Amilika ato kalomaocan ato kanatal a sifo ato lomaocan ira ko tosaay malalifetay a sician a kasarekad: oya pakoniraay sarekad ato nipapolongan sarekad. Oya mimingay a sician sa’iked o mikihatiyaay misingkiw ira ko maalaay.

Pakoniraay sa’iked to sakisyakay a pakayraan o pakoniraay, o polong no Amilika a tamdaw saheto o malalenay, ano o sofoc, finacadan, pasayraan no ’enep, pasayraan no herateng, pakayraan ato masamo’ay, orasaka mangalef ko pisa’imer to fafahiyan, Africa tamdaw, Latin tamdaw, Asia tamdaw, Yataya tamdaw ato LGBT Finacadan a salongoc. Sakikicay a demak o adahiay ato pakoniraay ko pakayraan.

Nipapolongan sa’iked to sakisyakay a pakayraan o mato’angay, sakikicay a demak o noto’asan ko pakoniraan, sakipapotal o ’atekakay ko pisamaw to kitakit a kacacofelan a demak, o mikiharay ko pakayraan.

O finawlan no Amilika pasaraay tina tosaay a cecay noni, nikawrira roma a tamdaw pasayra toya misiikeday mimingay a sician sa’iked misingkiwan tamdaw, halo pakoniraay sa’iked, kangdaway sa’iked, kimpo sa’iked[86].

1933 miheca tangasa 1995 miheca, Pakoniraay sa’iked mi’emetay to tasaay a kitakit pilisaotan, o nipapolongan sa’iked itira i 1947 miheca tangasa 1949 miheca ato 1953 miheca tangasa 1955 miheca tosa a rekad ko pi’awid to ’alomanay.

I 1994 miheca nipapolongan sa’iked mifalic, ikor dengan i 2001 miheca tangasa 2002 miheca o pakoniraay sa’iked micalap to kararemay a lomaocan, o nipapolongan sa’iked mimi’emet to tasaay fafa’eday kararemay a lomaocan ’alomanay a ’icel tangasa 2007 miheca 1 folad, i 2010 miheca 11 folad a pisingkiwan, nipapolongan sa’iked miliyaw pakaala to ’alomanay kararemay a lomaocan, mi’emet to kararemay a lomaocan. 2015 miheca mi’emet to fafa’eday lomaocan. 2019 miheca o pakoniraay sa’iked ko ’alomanay to kararemay lomaocan, maledef ko pikowan.

Sakisingkiw to congtong, nai 1860 miheca ci Lincoln maala ko kalacongtong, o nipapolongan sa’iked padoedo sa to congtong (sepatay rekad) tangasa i 1932 miheca maala ci Roosevelt a malacongtong. I 1952 miheca o pakoniraay sa’iked paherek ko kai 20 mihecaan ko pikowan. Ikor o pakoniraay sa’iked ato nipapolongan sa’iked macacalicaliw to a mikowan.

I 2008 miheca 11 folad 4 romi’ad pakoniraay sa’iked a misingkiway ci Barack Obama ko maalaay i saka 44 rekad malacongtong no Amilika, i 2009 miheca 1 folad 20 romi’ad mapatireng, o sa’ayaway no Amilika o nano Africa finacadan a congtong no Amilika.

I 2016 miheca 11 folad 9 romi’ad, nipapolongan sa’iked ci Donald Trump maala saka 45 rekad congtong no Amilika, mala o i likisi no Amilika a sa’ayaway caayay ko no sici ko lalowadan a congtong.

I 2020 miheca 11 folad, pakoniraay sa’iked ci Joe Biden maala i saka 46 rekad congtong no Amilika, i likisi no Amilika samato’asay congtong, ci He Jinli maala to micokeray congtong, sa’ayaway i likisi no Amilika a fafahiya micokeray congtong ato sa’ayaway o nano Africa ato Asia finacadan a micokeray congtong.

O kasasikiked a sakowan (行政區劃)

Dengan o Hawaii, o roma 49 1 kanatal o i tiraay i Amilika a sera. o Alaska, 48 a kanatal o makakafitay halo Washington, roma a sowal sera no Amilika. Roma a tamdaw o Alaska o i laloma’ay no “hiyah sera” a kanatal, nawhani o i tiniay i “salaenoay no 48 kanatal” a nilaedan no Canada sanay, nakawrira no saran a nengneng o ka’amisay no Amilika a sera sanay. Polong no sasowalen o halo Washington Colombia a sa’etal. Saka 50 a kanastal a Hawaii itiraay i Taypintang a palapalaan.

O nicalapan no Amilika a sera, sa’etal ato nicalapan a ’etal. Satadamaanay itiniay a Washington Colombia a sa’etal, awaay ko todong no kanatal a sa’osi, i kalomaocan awaay ko taypiw, nikawrira i congtong a singkiw ira ko 3 a nisingkiwan. Roma i papotalay a riyar kasapala halo American Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana palapalaan, Puerto Rico, ato US Virgin palapalaan. Palmera liyok rakarakaan o no Amilika patatekoan caayay kapatireng a sera, nikawrira tahanini awaayho ko maro’ay tamdaw. Paspotalay no Amilika a sera a palapala o Caribbean riyar ato Typinyang a adihayay awaayay ko maro’ay a palapalaan sakapot. Roma sato, nai 1898 mihecaan miteka, Amilika i Cuba a Guantanamo sa’efong iraay ko tadamaanay no riyaray a sofitay itira.

’Ayaw no nicalapan no Amilika a sa’etal Panama picolo’an ’alo sa’etal, nai 1903 miheca tangasa 1979 miheca o nano Amilika a sera. roma, Philippines palapalaan nai 1898 miheca tangasa 1946 miheca o nano Amilika a sera, I 1935 miheca o Amilika patireng itira to Philippines no niyah siiked pikowan mala citodongay misiikeday kitakit, ikor i 1946 miheca Philippines so’elin o misiikeday kiakit, nikawrira Amilikas oya: to citodong to sofitay a kaitiraan, Amilika ato Philippines ano dofitay to, ponka to ato kicay to ira ko kasasiti’er.

O yincumin a nano sera (Indian reserve) no Amilika a cicu, roma ikaka ko salongoc no noniyah a sa’etal, mitiya o kanatal, cisiikeday mikowan ato sarikec, o niyaro’ a sifo ko mikowanay.

Dengan no Amilika a kanatal ato ’a’ecocen, ira ko pina kitakit mangalayay mikapot a mikadep (Associated States), halo Micronesia nipatatekoan (1986 mihecaan ta anini), Palau kitakit (1994 mihecaan ta anini), ato Marsal kanatal kapolongan kitakit (1986 ta anini), o nia kitakit ira ko no kasakitakit a salongoc mikowan ato sakisera no kitakit to sakakaay mi’emet a salongoc mikowan, orasaka i kasakitakit o misiikeday i Amilika sanay ko nengneng. Nikawrira, oni a kitakit a sifo mihayda ro Amilika padamso to sapisimaw ato payso a sadama, pafeli ko Amilika to sakanga’ay no mipafekan, padamso to adihayay mikapot to salaloma’an no Amilika dademaken a halakaan, halo mitena’ to sakacilafo, mapa’orip nai latiih ato sapiliyaw patireng a halaka. Onini ko niyah a mikadep miti’er to Amilika a sapadamso to payso a mapadama mapararid ko demak no sifo ato sakadademak no payso saka’edeng.

Saikoray o nia tadamaanay no Amilika a yincumin a nano sera (Indian reserve), nawhani sa’etal ira ho ko no niyaro’ a sakowan, misafaloco’an no kitakit sakaira sakowan, malecad to cecayay a kanatal no Amilika, talacowa  o satadamaanay nidemakay no citodongay, nikawrira misiikeday a sici patateko citodong to cecay sa’etal ’a’ecocen, ono nipatatekoan a kitakit no Amilika a sakiniyaro’ a finacadan ko patdong to nia sa’etal.

Maci (城市)

Anini polong no Amilika ira ko salongan 77% tamdaw maro’ay no sa’etal a maci, ira ko malitosaay masopeday i 37 a tadamaci. Ona maci masanga’ ko ponka no Amilika, lecokan ato kicay. I 004 miheca, polong no Amilika ira ko 251 a maci mata’elifay ko 10 ’ofad ko tamdaw, ato 9 a maci mata’elifay ko 100 ’ofad ko tamdaw, halo i polongay no hekal a maci, tinako i New York, Los Angeles ato Chicago. Roma, ano patatekoen pacomod ko i lawacay no maci a kasa’etal, mata^elif to 50 ko 100 ’ofad ko tamdaw no ta’akay maci[87]. O nian to mihecaan polong no hekal masasipili’ ko nga’ayay karo’ay i maci, o saadihayay i laloma’an no kitakit a maci a kitakit ko Amilika.

Kasarayray	Maci	Tamdaw Laloma’an	Tamdaw kadadi’ec pinfang Inli	Maci sa’etal		Sa’etal
				’Ofad	Rayray
1	New York	8,363,710	26,402.9	19.0	1	Kawali ka’amis
2	Los Angeles	3,833,995	7,876.8	12.8	2	Kaetip
3	Chicago	2,853,114	12,750.3	9.5	3	Sasifo’ kaetip
4	Houston	2,242,193	3,371.7	5.7	6	Katimol
5	Phoenix city	1,567,924	2,782.0	4.2	12	Kaetip
6	Philadelphia	1,447,395	11,233.6	5.8	5	Kawali ka’amis
7	San Antonio	1,351,305	2,808.5	2.0	28	Katimol
8	Dallas	1,279,910	3,469.9	6.3	4	Katimol
9	San Diego	1,279,329	3,771.9	3.0	17	Kaetip
10	San Jose	948,279	5,117.9	1.8	31	Kaetip

Amilika a’akay maci（2010 miheca tamdaw nipanganganan）
Ngangan	Sa’etal	Tamdaw	Ngangan	Sa’etal	Tamdaw
New York	NY-NJ-CT-PA	22,255,491	Atlanta	GA-AL	6,054,858
Los Angeles	CA	17,877,006	Detroit	MI	5,318,744
Chicago	IL-IN-WI	9,840,929	Seattle	WA	4,274,767
Washington	DC-MD-VA-WV-PA	9,032,651	Philadelphia	AZ	4,246,484
San Francisco	CA	8,923,942	Minneapolis	MN-WI	3,721,504
Boston	MA-RI-NH-CT	7,893,376	Cleveland	OH	3,630,166
Phoenix city	PA-NJ-DE-MD	7,067,807	Orlando	FL	3,447,946
Dallas	TX	6,816,237	San Diego	CA	3,095,313
Miami	FL	6,199,860	Denver	CO	3,090,874
Houston	TX	6,114,562	Bowland	OR-WA	2,921,408

Takaraw macaka ko kicay no Amilika, tata’akay ko kinaira, ka’ayaw ko fana’ to sakaira, masongila’ ko citoongay; maomah kikayay malecsa ko kacomahad; o lalan, hikoki a fana’ ato sapicolo’ saheto o sa’ayaway i hekal; sakipapotal a kalaliaca kinaira saka tosa i hekal; sakipaysoan tadamacomahad; o sakikicay o sa’ayaway i hekal, o tamdaw a GDP mata’elif ko 6 ’ofad Amilika payso, sa’ayaway no macakatay tamdaw to 5000 ’ofad kitakit, o satadamaanay tono kicay i hekal, sakikicay a ’orip no tamdaw tadamaan ko nidemakan.

Sakacomahad a pakayraan (發展史)

Nengnengen ko kicay a pakayraan no Amilika, nai micingcingan a kicay maditditay mata’elif angasa i 20 sici malasatata’akay a kikayan kitakit i hekal.

O Amilika nai 19 sici mata’elif to ko Inkiris malasata’akay a kicay i hakal, tangasa anini o finawlan ira ko sakakaay a saka’orip, i 2010 mihecaan a tamdaw o finawlan ko pi’arawan a sa’osi mata’elif ko 5 ’ofad Amilika payso, o sa’ayaway no hekal, o sakadofahay i polong no cikiw, comahaday no kicay ato macakatay ko ’orip a kitakit.

Dadahalay ko nengneng to kicay (宏觀經濟)

O sakikicay citodong to tekedan sakaira no ^etan ato macacamolay a pakayraan. Pakayni to nia pakayraan, o malakomoday ato misiikeday citodongay ko sapinengneng to pakayraan no kicay, o sifo i laloma’an no kitakit kicay a saka’orip o sakidama ko tatodong; nikawrira, kasa sifo no kapolongan to GDP 36%; o i mamala cemahaday a kitakit i, o sakalemed no syakay a calay no Amilika mimingay, sifo to sakikalaliacaan a pikowan i safa no roma a cemahaday a kitakit[88].

I kasa’etal kadademak no kicay caay to ka lalen. Tinako: I New York maci a kalaliaca no payso ato ^kim, picolo’ a tamina, pirina’, paratohay ato kwangkaw a kalo pakayraan no tayal a tenokan, o sa’ayaway no hekalan a kicay tenokan; I Los Angeles o likoto, ika ato tilifi a kamok pisanga’an tenokan, o kaetipay no sa’amisay Amilika fanoyot tangasa i no Asia Taypinyang sa’etal a kicay tenokan; o San Francisco apocok sa’etal ato lilis no Taypinyang kaetip ka’amis sa’etal o cifana’ay micomahad a tenokan, o Silicon satakaraway kicik i hekal ato kakako kingkiw tenokan; sasifoan kaetip no Amilika o kikakikayan a tenokan, i Detroit o pisanga’an to tosiya niyaro’, o Seattle o pisanga’an to hikoki itira, Chicago o itiraay a sa’etal a o kalaliacaan no payso ato ^kim a tenokan; kawali katimol o sakisapaiyo pikingkiw, pirarakatan ato pisasanga’an a kinairaan, o sakacilifonan i safa to romaroma a sa’etal, orasaka masalalad ko piolot to pipacefong to misanga’ay tayal.

Padamaay tayal no Amilika, sainanengan o kalaliacaan no payso, picolo’ todafong a tayal, no sakihoking tayal ato kalaliaca padamaay a GDP o sata’akay a nidemakan, polong no kitakit sepatay ira ko tolo (4/3) a dademakay matayal to padamaay tayal[89], o kakeridan no hekal ko kacingangan, o New York caay ko polong no saka cecay ta’akay maci ato kicay tenokan, ngalef o saka cecay saka tosa ni hekal a paysoan, padamaay tenokan. O kiwiko o satadamaanay a kicay kadadekan, to mihecaan masolot ko nai cowacowaay no hekal a mitiliday tayni minanam, nanoya masolot ko matanengay a tamdaw.

I Amilika adihay ko kasairaira kadofahay no mararan, halo ^kim, simal ato uranium (yo), nikawrira adihay a kinaira militado to no romaay kitakit a pacomod. O satata’akay i hekal ko liomahan no Amilika, satadamaanay niliomahan halo ’ariray, emi, ’odax ato tafak, saka tenokan kaetip dadahalay dafdaf a sa’etal o kafahekaan liomahan kinaira masawal o “’ariri no hekal” sanay[90].

No Amilika a kinaira no kikayan ira ko tosiya, hikoki ato kalotingkian kasaira. o nisanga’an a hikoki, mapasadak ko kasaira no maamaan no sakalalood ato kalotingkian kasaira ko Amilika. O Amilika kimeto ko pirarakatan, o saka 3 i hekal kadadoedo[91].

O Amilika sata’akat kaliacaan a cafay parareping to Canada (19%), Congko (12%), Moxico (11%), Dipong (8%) ko midoedoay i aikor, to romi’ami’ad ira ko 11 walwalan no Amilika payso ko kinaira no ’aca pakayni nai Amilika Canada a kitakit masadak. No Amilika a kicay malasakaay i hekal sata’akay tadamaanay a kicayan. Sa hatira to ko kicay a kimeto no Amilika, oasaka o adihayay kitakit no cikiw a kalali’aca a payso ato Amilika payso a makakafit, o kanga’ayan kaoradan romi’adan sakipinang lali’aca icifa ato tadahan a kompay o kacipinangan.

I Amilika adihay ko kasasofal adihayay i kasakitakit a kacingangan, tinako Boeing, Apple, Microsoft, Google, Facebook, Mcdonald, KFC (Kentucky), Starbucks, Nike a maamaan, malenak i polong no cikiw.

Nai 1980 mihecaan kalacongtong ni Ronald Reagan i, matongal to ko fa^elohay pakoniraay kicay dademaken no Amilika, yan saka malowan to ko pikihar no sifo to kicay, malowan to ko sapalemed a kakawaan, mafalah mapalasawad to ko halafinay nidemakan nai karawrawan kicay, pasayra i pikiharan a Cairns a pakayraan a kicay. Orasaka, Amilika sifo saki syakay sakalemed a padomso to pipadama ikaka ko no roma kikayan ho kitakit ko kalowan, mikeror to sakisata i laloma’ no kitakit, militado to pakoniraay icifa ato tekedan niyah a padama citodongay. Talacowa fa^elohay pakoniraay paini to malohakay kicay sakacomahad kang’ayan no katayalan, nai matiniay a lekakawa no kicay malenak pasayra i picefis no Caytang, saka masada ko caayay kalalen a kalalifetan, ato i sasafaay a lifonan malakalaliyangan to no syakay, sa’aliwa’iwsa i kalomaocan ato congtng a singkiw masadak ko kalaliyangan a sowal.

I 1990 mihecaan, o tingnaw (computer) ato kaloalay maledef micomod i Amilika to sakicemahad ato polong no kaki o sa’ayaway a kacingangan. 21 sician, mapelengay to ko mafowakay kalocalay a kicay, o saka nai hacikayay macemahad talahenotay a rara sato malahad ko kicay no Amilika. Talacowa o kicay no Amilika i ikor no 2003 miheca malaliaw to a nga’ayay ko kacemahad, nikawrira i 2007 miheca malaliyaw haca ko sakinatosaa pitadah to loma’, o saka ngalef mafenges ko Amilika ato polong no kicay no hekal, orasaka Amilika a paysoan ato kicayan a paso’elinan a misakamolasotan, saki no Amilika a payso ko pisa’osi to kasakitakit a ^kim ato tadasimal a kaingangan mapasadak a kasasowalen,

Yan saka tangasa i 2008 mihecaan, o sakinatosa a pitadah to loma’ a katalawan payso a faliyos maasik ko polong no cikiw, o saka paysoan langod masapeti’ ko kicay no kasakitakit, malasakasefad no polong no cikiw to paysoan, loma’an, tosiyaan, maamaan matekesay dafong, ato o kalali’aca no finawlan mangalef ko kaserer, mangalef o Inkiris ato Amilika a cemahaday to a kitakit. Anini pasodsod sa micomod ikoray no paysoan langod a to’asan, no kicay a demak ato ikor o mamiliyaw masasowal ato sapifalic to masodsod masapinang, nikawrira caay ko paso’elinen (o pisaadihay mirina’ to payso), matiratira aca, nikawrira no Amilika a kicay a todong ikakaay to ko kacingangan.

Misanga’ay to dafong (工業)

O saka tosa no hekal ko misanga’ay to dafong kitakit ko Amilika, o misanga’an a dafong kasairaira, ira ko marar, tosiya, tayhi tayal, simal, hikoki, kikay, misatamina, misatingki, mifokeloh, misa^kim, mirina’, mitinooy, misanga’ sapaiyo, kakaenen, sofitay kalalood. Misanga’ to tosiya ato pisatingki ira ko no hekalan ikaka to 1/5. Tona mihecaan sakinaira i laed no fokeloh ira ko lahod a kafalic ato nipatatekoan a kitakit mifohat to sapipasadak to simal, o Amilika ko satadamaanay pasadakay to simal, masalof to ko karawrawan no Amilika to pina moetepay miheca a kinairaira siikedan a demak, tadamaan ko saki rihaday no kitakit.

Orasaka o lahod a kinaira o saka tosa mikapiay laed no fokeloh a simal, matongal to ko pipasadak. Faelohay misanga’ay to dafong citodongay ira tingkian sakadademak, likat tingki, selapan, kidefetay kikay, talakarayan efer, kinairaira, kahirahira no pisapaiyo ato ifaeday a sakalalood a nisangaan dafong i kakaay no hekal.

Kaliomah (農業)

O sata’akay i hakal ko liomahan no Amlika, malekoay ko sakatayal to kinaira o nga’ayay: saka sepat ta’akay i hekal ko Mississippi a ’alo mifatel to katimol ka’amis, o dafdaf no dadahal a sera malitosaay, o kaliomahan a sera maawd ko no hekal to 10/1; matatodongay ko kasacalay, kakahad ko sera ni kitakit, kafafalic no romi’ad malekoay; tolo ko riyar nisi’ayawan (kaetip Taypinyang, kawali Tasiyang, katimol o Mexico hefong), ira ko adihayay i Taypinyang a kanatal pifotingan, ka’amis ira ko limaay fanaw, katimol kala’orad, kaetip ira ko takaraway lotok so’eda nanom, maparocek ko kinaira no nanom sapipananom to pinaloma ato pipakaen to foting ’afar; makimeto ko kicay, liomahan kinaira macakat ko fana’; manga’ay ko lalan; masamaamaanay pinaloma saheto o nga’ayay.

No Amilika a emi, hahac, ’ariray, parok, tafak, titi fitaol miluku hakarayra malasa’ayaway, o emi a kinaira 10/1 no hakal; o hahac ato ’ariray ira ko 40%, nipakaenan kimeto ito, o sapadamso to kakaenen no tamdamdaw, i Amilika malosapakaen to ’a’adopen, talacowa o tamdaw mila’omay to titititi ato mila’omay tokakaenen a kitakit, nikawrira nawhani pakaka ko kaadihay no kanaira, ’osaw a kakaenen mapasadak ato paaca tayra roma kitakit oya sakacecay no hekal.

Nikawrira o sasa’imeren i niyaro’ no amilika away ko fa’edetay kasasiray, nawhani mangalay to pacomod to cocoa, coffee, paratan ’adeteng no kilang, pawli a fa’edetay pinaloma, no Amilika a fa’edatay  pakayni i tingnaw (computer) mi’emetan ko liyok laloma’ay pipalagadan, i laloma’ no Amilika mataelif ko litosa no losay saheto nai kakki sakimeto i California sa’etal ko paloma. Roma caay ka dengan o nian ko nengneng to nipalomaan sakaira no kicay, nawhani takaraway ko kikay ato kakkian, ano oya sakamaomah a kikay, pakietec, piparo, pinalengaw kakki, liyokan a katayal pakapi mipolong i kinaira, so’elinay o aira ko masapinangay a nisa’osian, tinako i Amlika a Monsanto kosi talacowa o misatayhian kaysya, nika mirapot to ising sapaiyo a safal, halo midemakay to kasafalifalic no romi’ad k nidemakan, matiniay a kasasiisal to tayal a malasa’ayaway nisadakan a kaloira, pal ani sadakan malatakaraway to, nisadakan a kinaira padoedo sa misapinang, mahaenay “o cisofokay a pakaenay tamdaw”, “I pikingkiwan a maomahay” o nian koya tadamaanay i lofocay kaliomahan no Amilika hananay.

Kakak a nifana’an (科學技術)

O Amilika i kakohak ato pifana’ nikingkiwan, ato fana’ a pinasanga’ misafa’eloh saheto o satadamanay i hekal. Malecad o Amilika ira ko adihayay a masalaloma’ay a kakki, orasaka o Amilika sakiroma kitakit ikaka ko kakki a kacomahad.

O tamdaw to saki misang'ay to lalosidan adihay ko tadamaanay nisanga’an, halo sapipi’pi to parok a kikay, kanga’ayan sakatayal, pisanga’an calay saheto o nai Amilikaay, oya misang'ay to lalosidan “pisaadihay misanga’” nai niharatengan malaso’elinay to. Oroma tadamaanay nisanga’ay halo hikoki, dawdaw, tingwa.

O Amilika nai 20 sici mifiyac to tadamaan a Manhattan to atomic bomb (yinctan) halaka, Apollo macakat to folad halaka ato tamdawan a lalengawan a halaka. I saka 2 kalaloodan nohekal, sa’ayaway ko Amilika misanga’ to atomic bomb (yinctan), o kakki no tamdaw mapatayra i atomic (yinc) a to’asan fa’elohay sici. I kafasawan lalood, o Amilika i kakarayan a kakhak ato nifana’an safal o ka’ayaway, nai kakarayan kalalifetan mapidah ko Russia, saka misanga’ to namal a ‘idoc a fana’, sakalalood pikingkiw, sakadademak kakhak ato tingnaw (computer) a sofal ko tala’ayaw, i 1969 miheca 7 flad, tona ci Neil Armstrong nai Apollo 11 haw a maeferay tamina a masadak i, malasarakatay tamdaw miripa’ to folad, o pahapinang to i tongroay kalalifetan.

I saka 2 kalaloodan i, o Amilika to saki tingnaw (computer) ato kalocalay a kacowat tadamaanay, halo saka 2 lalood a nisanga’an a tingnaw (computer) ato sa’ayaway no sofitay sakadademak, tangasa anini o Google, Microsoft, IBM, Intel, Apple, Hp ato Dell o patodong to katadamaan no kosi to saki tingnaw (computer) ato saparatoh a sofal masanga’ ko ta’akay pisafa’eloh ato satadamaan. Roma Amilika a sapikacaw to kitakit misanga’ to ARPA calay o nifan’an tocalay pa’ayaway.

Itini i kakhak pikingkiw, Amilika a hakasi pakacitodong to Nobel prize (compay), mangalef i sakipina’orip ato isingan a sofal, parocek to Amilika mi’awiday ko pikingkiwan a liyokan to saki misolotay to cifana’ay. No kitakit a isi kingkiwyin o pasayraan to pina’orip isingkak noAmilika, malaheci ko no tamdawan pinangan a halaka, saka o tamdaw to piras, Alzheimer’s adada a mipaadadaay to sapiadah pikingkiw micomod to tadamaanay kalingatoan[92]. Saki kakarayan ato karayan a pikingkiw no sifo a citodongay o nano Amilika kitakit karayan ato karayan citdongay. Boeing kosi ato Lockheed Martin kosi a notekedan a misanga’ay to kacitodang nira.

Picolo’an lalan (交通運輸)

Nawhani kakahad ko sera no Amilika mingapir aca to toloay riyar sakacomahad no kicay, saka adihay ko pipalalan picolo’ to dafong a nifana’an ato pinacolo’ o sakakaay i hekal. O lalan, o merar lalan a kasaki’ec o mikikakaay i hekal, hacikayay marar lalan pipatireng nawhani no hikoki tala’ayaw a tadamaan, maki’ayaw ko ka’aya’ayaway kitakit. Hikoian ato minato a nidemakan o ka’ayaway to i hekal. Nawhani ono maradan lalan a calay madahdahay, i laloma’an no kitakit a sakaromakat to maraayay o parakat to paliding ato pakahikoki ko ngapa’ay.

Lalan (公路)

Nawhani marataray ko kacomahad no Amilika to sakitosoya, o adihayay a maci micowat mali’ayaway ko pihirateng maci ato niyaro’ patatodong to calay no lalan a misafaco. O pipacalay to dadahalay sera no kitakit, misafaco ko Amilika patireng to manga’ayay karomakatan no kalotisiya, saharakatay a hacikayay lalan, o kitakit no Amilika faco no lalan militado to hacikayay lalan a calay. O sakacitodong itiniay i kasakanatal hacikayay lalan a calay a faco ko pipatirengan. O nia hacikayay lalan i 1950 mihecaan pakayni itiyaay ci Eisenhower patoroday patireng. Midotoc 2004 mihecaan a tilid, o lalan no Amilika o kakaya’ 6,407,637 kongli, o sakacecay i hekal.

Los Angeles a hacikayay lalan a kacacofelan pido’edoan, ira ko mici’iwi’iwian nika manga’ay o calay no lalan, malopitodongan no kasahekal. Itini i picingcingan ho to’asan, i Amilika adihayay sa’etal o pakawiliay ho ko pido’edoan sarikec. Misiiked to ko Amilika i, macoker siikeday France ato ikoray 18 sici Europe mifolaway finawlan[93], nanoyaan sa ko lalan pakayraan mafalic pasikawanan romakat, oni a rikec i laloma'ay no kitakit a lalood mapolong no kitakit.

Marar lalan (鐵路)

Patirengen no Amilika ko mahifalatay i sekal mararay lalan a calay, ira ko 48 a sa’etal ko kanga’ay mocolo to dafong. Amilika marar kosi (Amtrak) a patirengan calay no marar lalan mifatel to 48 a sa’etal to 46 sa’etal, saki faso a todong. O kaya’ay no marar a lalan no Amilika o sakacecay i hekal[94]. Midotoc i 2007 miheca a tilid, o marar a lalan no Amilika polong no kakaya’ ira ko 226,427 kongli. Nikawrira nawhani o hacokayay lalan no Amilika ato hikokian kimetoay, o kasalalowadan ato sakamoko’ no romi’ad ikaka to no marar a lalan ko ranikay, saka o marar a lalan no Amilika caay kamatiya o no Europe ato Dipong ko kakimeto. O pisahapinang no Amilika sifo to hikoan a karomakat pakayni to marar a lalan a kosi i 1970 miheca madadoedo mapingko. Nikawrira midotoc to to’as a mafafalic, comahad to ko harateng no ’alomanay malacecay ko pico’ay to kafa’edat no hekal a o kapolong ko sapicolo’. Halo California sa’etal a mipasadakan pacowat to no California hacikayay marar a lalan a misahalakaan, sifo no Amilika ato kasa’etal a sifo misatatasay to misahalaka matayal to ’alomanay hacikayay marar a lalan sakanga’ay a mikingkiw, ikor no ralan o fa^elohay ko pipatalaan.

Maci av lalan (城市交通)

Adihay ko maci no Amilika iraay ko kapolongan sakaromakat a faco, nika i New York maci a pakalinikay calay lalan o sata’akay, romi’ami’ad mikalicay tamdaw o saka tosa no hekal ko ka’aloman, ikor no Tokyo no Dipong a pakalinikay lalan, o karomakat a marar lalan ato faso calay lalan tangasa i Long island, fafa’eday New York sa’etal, New Jersey sa’etal ato Connecticut sa’etal, mala sa’alomanay ko nicolo’an tamdaw sata’akay calay no lalan i hekal. Nikawrira o sasowalen, maci no Amilika kapolongan sakaromakat palalecaden to cemahaday to kitakit i aikoray ho, dengan caayay ka’aloman tinako New York, Chicago ato San Francisco a kapolongan sakaromakat ko macowatay a no takay, romaay to tamdaw masadak saheto miti’eray to tekedan tosiya ko saka romakat.

Nanom a lalan (水運)

O Amilika sakatolo i hakal kakaya’ay mililisay to sekal a kitakit, manga’ay mapatireng ko adihayay minato. I sekal no Tasiyang a New York minato, ka’amis no Mexico ngoso’ay a Houston minato, ato i kawali no Taypinyang a Los Angeles minato (kakaya’ay tatafokan minato) o saka tolo ta’akay pisadakan to dafong minato no Amilika, oya masadakay micomoday satadamaanay minato i hekal. Kasatisi nai katimol tala’amis no Amilika a Mississippi a ’alo karomakatan no tamina saka tolo no ’aloan picolo’ to dafong kasakitakit no hekal, kafafaw o karomakatan ’alo a lalan ato limaay fanaw ato Hudson a matatongod, laloma’ay ’alo manga’ay ramakaten a micolo’. Itiniay i katimolay sekal no Michigan fanaw o saka tolo ta’akay maci Chicago tadamaanay no sekalan minato i Amilika.

Hikoki (航空)

O Amilika tona misanga’ ko tamdaw to hikoki a masaheci ko Kaefer a kitakit, saki o dadahalay ko sera a kitakit a macomahad ko kicay no Amilika, o tataparan malacalay no hikoki a samacowatay a kitakit, nawhani sapalolol to kacasngo’otan no mararay a lalan, o ikakaay no so’ot a rarakaten, salaloma’an kasa’etal kakaya’ay rarakaten o hikoki ko pitadoan. Makalic to hikoki a tayra i roma a maci, o kananaman no Amilika tamdaw. Orasaka polong no kitakit ikaka to 1,500 no kaira no hikokiciw, o madaicoay hikokiciw a kitakit, macalap ko polong no cikiw to 25%[95].

O mikalicay i, i 2004 miheca polong no hekal o sa’ayaway no 30 a marariday tayal a hikokiciw ira ko 17 i Amilika, kalo sakacecay i Hartsfield – Jackson hikokiciw no Atlanta. Saki nicolo’an a sa’osi, o cecay miheca, sa’ayaway i polong no hekal saka 30 ko marariday tayal a hikokiciw ira ko 12 i Amilika, halo saka cecay a Memphis kasakitakit hikokiciw (MEM) . roma i, o Chicago, San Francisco (San francisco), Seattle, Huston, Miami, Washington o satadamaanay a hikokiciw. Nawhani o Amilika i polong no cikaw a faeferay a tayal o tadamaanay, o citodongay to sakaefer no kitakt (FAA) a mihapiwan a telek roma i mala no polong no hekal maeferay a o pinengnengan matatodongay.

Pirarakatan (旅遊)

Talacowa pipatireng no Amilika to kitakit 200 ko likisi, nikawrira kimeto ko kicay no finawlan ato away ko saka tosa i hekal ko nika aniniay a ponka ato kicay ko kasenengan no parapatan a nengnengen a pirarakatan malaki’emelay a kitakit. Masowal ko tadamaanay i hekal a New York a maci, tadamaanay nipatirengan i Chicago, o ci ponkaay likisi a niyaro’ San Francisco, o niyaro no coyoh a Los Angeles, tadamaci a Washington, pipakiyawan niyaro’ a Las Vegas. Parapatan a pinengnengan kaliyalaway fokeloh koying, Colorado ta’angay ’efong, cilahay fanaw niyaro’, Olympic kitakit koying, limaay ta’akay fanaw pinengnengan, Hawaii kasakanatal, malinikay a Alaska sa’etal saheto o mihecaan pirarakatan caayay ka tararikor katayraan mirarakat. O Disney pisalamaan, piliyokan cikiw ika niyaro’, Amilika kitakit hikokian ato karayan kateraan o tadamaanay nipatirengan misolotay to ’alomanay mirarakatay tamdaw sakaira.

Papotal kalali’aca (對外貿易)

O saka tosa kitakit no hekal a kalali’aca ko Amilika, sata’akay micomoday kitakit i hekal, saka tosa kitakit pasadakay no hekal. O sata’akay pasadakay to ^mi, ’ariray, kakot ko Amilika. Oya hikokian, tingkian, tayhi a tayal a kinaira ko pasadakan. Roma, o Amilika o sata’akay pasadakay to sakalalood i hekal.

Micomoday a dafodafongan i Amilika o manga’ayay a kinairaira, tingki, misang’ay to lalosidan, o pinasanga’an a lalosidan, komo, cocoa, kohi. O sakatadamaan kalali’acaan no dafong no Amilika ira ko Canada, Congko, Dipong, Mexico, Germany, France, Saudi Arabia, Into, Korea, Taywan, Brazil. O Canada ato Congko ko satadamaanay kalali’acaan kitakit no Amilika.

Tamdaw (人口)

Likisi (歷史)

I 1880 miheca tangasa 1900 mihecaan, o i maciay a tamdaw no Amilika nai 28% macakat 40 %, 1920 miheca tangasa i 50%, salongan nawhani o Europe malinah tayni. I 1890 mihecaan, ikor o maomahay no Amilika a tamdaw nao kikayan malenak saka o maomahay tamdaw makotay no kikay saka i maci ko aro’ a tamdaw makeroday malokelon.

Aniniay kadademak (現狀)

Midotoc to no Amilika tamdawan pipalita i 2017 miheca nisaopoan a tilid, Amilika polong ira ko 321,004,407 no tamaw, ano engan mipili’an a finacadan, Amilika kohecalay tamdaw ira ko 73%, tamdaw ira ko 234,370,202 tamdaw, caay kapatodong ko Spin dotoc ato Lating Amilika tamaw a kohecalay ira ko 61.5%, tamdaw ira ko 197,277,729 tamdaw, ira ko Spin dotoc ato Lating Amilika tamdawan a kohecalay tamaw 11.5%, o tamdaw ira ko 37,092,473 tamdaw.

Iraay ko no Spin dotoc ato ira ko no Lating Amilika tamdaw polong 17.6%, tamdaw ira 56,510,571 ko tamaw, mihaydaay o kohecalay tamdaw sanay ira ko 11.5%, tamdaw ira 37,092,473 ko tamdaw, roma caay ko kohecalay tamdaw a Lating Amilika tamdaw ira 6.1%, tamdaw ira 19,418,098 ko tamdaw.

O Africa Amilika tamaw polong no tamaw 12.7%, polong ira ko 40,610,815 tamdaw.

O Asia Amilika tamaw polong tamaw ira ko 5.4%, tamaw ira 17,186,320 ko tamdaw, sata’akay a Asia finawlan a Holam Amilika tamdaw (halo Congko, Hongkong, Taywan, kawali katimol Asia a holan), macalap ko 1.3%, polong no tamaw ira 4,108,085 ko tamdaw, saka tosa o Into tamaw, ira ko 1.1%, tamdaw ira ko 3,672,647 tamdaw.

O yincumin no Amilika i o Intian tamdaw, Alaska yincumin polong no tamdaw 0.8%, ira ko 2,622,102 tamdaw.

O i Taypinyang a sera a yincumin no Amilika (o sowal: Taypinyang finawlan) polong no tamdaw 0.2%, ka’aloman ira ko 570,116 no tamdaw.

Tangasa i 2010 miheca, o tamdaw no Amilika polong tangasa 3.08 walwalan, itini hekal aikora no Congko, Intu saka tolo ko tamdaw, o katongal no tamdaw 0.59%[96]. Saan, caayay ko Spain a kohecalay tamdaw ira ko 64%, roma o Latin Amilika tamdaw, Africa safaniyot tamdaw, Asia tamdaw. Nai kasakanatal a nengnengen, o California kanatal ko sa’alomanay tamdaw no Amilika, ira ko 3720 ’ofad; o saawaayay tamdaw ko Wyoming kanatal, dengan ira ko 56.4 ’ofad; o Texas kanatal ko ranikayay matongal ko tamdaw no Amilika, ikaka to no 2000 miheca matongal to 430 ’ofad, tangasa to 2510 ’ofad. Kohetingay tamdaw no Amilika, Latin Amilika tamdaw ato Asia tamdaw caayay ka’aloman a finacadan polong no tamdaw ira 1.007 walwalan ko tamdaw (tangasa 2006 miheca 7 folad), itiniay i Amilika a Latin Amilika tamdaw mata’elif to ko 5000 ’ofad, macalap ko Amilika tamdaw to enemay ira ko cecay (16.66%), padoedo sa maro i Amilika a safaw finacadan ko aro’. Amilika a Holam tamdaw salongan ira ko 400 ’ofad (tangasa 2011 miheca). Mafana’ to Inkiris a sowal. Roma salongan ira ko 300 ’ofad tamdaw ko mafana’ay to Holam a sowal. Ira 51.3% ko finawlan mitooray to Kristokiw, roma a finawlan mitoor to Tingsokiw, Yotayakiw, caayay ko cima ciwha ira ko 4%.

Midotoc to 2000 miheca a palita to tamdaw, salongan ira ko 79% a tamdaw maro’ay i tokay[97], o Amilika o masasiromaay finacadan caayay kalalen ’alomanay finacadan a kitakit, polong no kitakit ira ko 31 a finacadan  mata’elif ko 100 ’ofad ko tamdaw, safa no 100 ’ofad a tamdaw adihay ho[98].

O ’alomanay Amilika tamdaw (I 2004 miheca ira ko 74.67%)[99] o Europe kohecalay malinahay a wawawawa, oni a malinahay itiya ho o picingcing ko kanga’ay no aro’, ’alomanay i o ikoray no laloma'ay no Kitakit a lalood “Katimol miliyaway patireng a onto” a tayni i Amilika, nawhani caayay ko kohecalay tamdaw malinahay ato caayay ka papina a finacadan kalahofocay, caayay ko Latin Amilika a kohecalay tamdaw malowanay to[100].

O nano Europe a Germany (15.6%), Ireland (10.8%), England (8.7%), Italy (5.6%) ato Scandinavia (3.7%); adihay ko nai Slavic kitakit, tinako Poland ato Russia; roma a Europe a teloc malinahay nai kawaliay Europe, katimol Europe ato Canada a France sowal sa’etal.

O yincumin no Amilika a Indian tamdaw ira ko 440 ’ofad no tamdaw[101], tonni ira ko salongan 35% miro’ay i no sifo mahalakaan a yincumin niterekan sa’etal.

O Asia teloc Amilika tamdaw (caay ka citodong to i Hawaii ato Taypinyang kasa’etalay maro’ay) o saka tolo caayay ka papina a finacadan, i 2005 miheca mapalita ira ko 5%. O ’alomanay Asia Amilika tamdaw masaopo i kaetipay lilis no riyar ato Hawaii, o Asia teloc sa ta’akay finacadan o Congko, Hongkong, Macao, Singapore, Taywan, Malaysia, Kawali katimol Asia Holam tamdaw malekapot a Holam a Amilika tamdaw, padoedo o Into, Philippines, Vietnam, Korea ato Dipong.

O Latin teloc Amilika tamaw o sata’akay finacadan a finawlan, polong no tamaw 16.1% (2005 miheca), toni laloma’an nai Mexico malinahay tayni ira ko 66%, pali’ayaw to sowal ikor no 10 miheca o mamacakat a ’aloman.

O Africa teloc a Amilika tamdaw maledefay i laloma’an no Amilika, nikawrira katimolay a kohetingay tamaw o sa’alomanay, polong 3,500 ’ofad (12.12%). O tato’asan nangra nai ’ayaw no laloma'ay no kitakit a lalood kalali’acaan a malafades.

I 2011 miheca 6 folad 28 romi’ad, o nano Amilika katayalan mikingkiway (AEI) mihapiw to cecay maolahay to kitakit mipalita a pakafana’ pahapinang, mata’elif ko 6% finawlan (ira 61% a milicayan a o Amilika tamdaw o “tadamalita’angay”, 25% milicayan “malita’ang”) o nano Amilika tamdaw malita’ang, o ’alomanay Amilika tamdaw o kalasofitay o maolahay to kitakit sanay a pahapinang, o finawlan no Amilika saki sofitay no Amilika o takaraway ko nengneng[102]

I 2020 miheca 6 folad 15 romi’ad, Inkiris a “romi’aday simpon” pasimpon, nawhani COVID-19 a salifong makatalawan ko kicay ato sakasomelet, patongal o kohetingay tamdaw ci George Floyd mapatay kararawrawan no syakay, o kalata’angan to kitakit no Amilika matefad tangasa 20 mihecaan salaenoay. Saka cecay mihapiwan a fa^elohay tilid pahapinang, saki niyahan no Amilika tamdaw “tadamalita’angay” padoedo saan mitefad, tangasa 2020 miheca dengan to 42%.

I Gallup halafinay 20 mihecaan a finawlan pipalita mikingkiw, saka cecay pasadakan dengan caay ka tahira i 50% ko no kohecalay tamdaw a lekatep (49%) saki Amilika a “tadamaan” kalita’angan. I 2001 miheca, i ’ayaw no 911 kakoki’an salipalaw, Gallup midemak to polita a mikingkiwan pahapinang, milicayan tamdaw saki kitakit a “tadamaan” kalita’angan salongan 55%, ikor no 3 mihecaan, oni kakoki’an salipalaw malo sakarikec to no Amilika tamdaw, oni a palalecadan macakat to 65% tangasa 70%. 2005 miheca mitefad tayra i 61%, tangasa i 2015 miheca tangasa 54%[103].

Kasaselal no syakay (社會階層)

I 2004 mihecaan no Amilika a syakay hakasi ci Leonard Beeghley mipalita to limaay to syakay kasaselal no Amilika mapasasiini to kasaselal syakay no Amilika ira i kalaeno[104], o micomoday kasacefang saheto Amilika payso:

Itiniay California San Jose kalawacay a sasifo’ay macakatay kasasiiraay salaloma’an malekatepay.

Takaraway ko kinaira a laloma’an 5%, laloma’an kalietan i kakaay to 100 ’ofad, o maledefay to kaira no Daykako a ponka:

Sa’akawangay micomoday laloma’an 0.9%-- o patekan cidafngay ato walwalan a cidafongay;

Sasifo’ay selal, nai 46% -- ko fainayan micomoday to 5.7 ’ofad, fafahiyan mihecaan micomoday ira ko 4 ’ofad ko tamdaw, o pinanaan naira o misawaday tp Canglong daikako; o malingaday macalao 40.45 *-- salongan micomoda 2.6 ’ofad, o ’aslomanay o nai kasasi todong no safakay, paskoyacay a langdaway nicalapan 40%--45% 4 ’ofad ko kosi mitiliday, salongan fafahiyan a tamdaw ko 2.6 ’ofad, saheto saheto i cyukakko ko misawad; salongan fainayan micomoday 4 ’ofad, fafahiyan micomoday ira ko 2.6 ’ofad o misawaday to Congsi; o i laenoay pakoyocay a tamdaw, salongan laloma’an ira ko 12% ko saki’orip a malaloma’an mataelif to ko 1.8 ’ofad, o mitiliday to congsi misawaday.

Mitodong to paitemed ato laloma’an a paeneray masasiroma’ay a syakay selal a nengnengen, masapinang to tekedan a nipitilid ko kacitodong, i 2005 miheca polong no laloma’an no Amilika a micomoday ira ko 46326 Amilika payso, nika 18% a loma’an micomoday mata’elifay ko 10 ’ofad Amilika payso, o sakitekadan micomoday a miso’osian ira ko 32,140 Amilika payso (misa’osian 25 mihecaan a teked) [105]. O citodongay to caayay ka nengneng a tadamaanay a tayal ano eca dademakay to no syakay a demak malotadamaanay nitayalan, o i tadamaanay tamdaw, o macakatay ko kinaira nangra: o citadamaanay demak ato hakasi tamdaw ikakaay ko kinaira o 15% a malekapot, ’ayaw no 15% ko kinaira salongan milietanan ikakaay to 62,500 Amilika payso; o tadamaanay a nialaay to no daykako a kompay a tamdaw cikinaira o cidafongay, o ikakaay ko katadamaan[106].

Sowal (語言)

Talacowa o Amilika awaay ko todong no rikec to sowal no kitakit, so’elin o Inkiris a sowal ko sakasasowal no kitakit. Midotoc i 2008 miheca mapolong, salongan 3 walwalan 1480 ’ofad (99.6%) nai limaay mihecaan ko laloma’an o Inkiris ko kasasowal. O Inkiris ko kararidan sakasasowal, marepetay a todong o Inkiris a sowal ko sapicomod a mafolaw ni longocan.

Salongan Amilika tamdaw mipaini palasowalen no kitakit ko Inkiris a sowal sanay, ira ko 28 a kanatal ko mihaydaay to a niyaro’ay hoying to Inkiris a sowal; ira ko 3 kanatal mihaydaay to roma a sowal palalenay ato Inkiris a sowal: Louisiana kanatal a France a sowal, Hawaii kanatal no Hawaii sowal ato New Mexico kanatal a Spain sowal.

Dengan o Inkiris, ira ko tamdaw mata’elifay to 100 ’ofad tamdaw a sowal palamlamay to Spain swal, Holam sowal, Tagalo sowal, Vietnam sowal, France sowal, Korea sowal, Germany sowal[107].

Pakayraan (宗教)

Nai ’ayaw pipatireng no Amilika to kitakit o nicingcingan no Inkiris itiya awaay ho ko pakoniraay no pakayraan mitoor, ira ko katalawan to rikec no pakayraan, saki caayay pitoor to Kristokiw a tamdaw o a’epecen, kakari’angen, onini saki Tingsokiw a mitooray (roma o piliyang to cisakowanay to kiwkay) nikawrira o Kristokiw kasasoroma no kiwha mi’emet to kasa’etal to masasiromaay kiwha a mitooray midemak to sapi’epec a lakakawa[108]

Tona mapatireng to ko kitakit no Amilika, o kimpo no Amilika saka cecay nisalofan i 1791 miheca mahayda, mi’efec to kalomaocan no Amilika mitelek patireng to kitakit a pakayraan, o Amilika sa’ayaw mipadama to pakayraan pakonira a salongoc a kitakit, Amilika a nipatatekoan a kitakit sifo midemak to kasasiiked no sici kiwkay a katatelek, tatiih micoker tatiih miliyang to kasasiromaroma no pitooran.

Nikawrira na itiya nawhani pipadama to pitooran a mapakonira a comahad, o ’icel noKristokiw naikoran patireng to kitakit miteka marekrek comahad, saki amilika a sici a pisingkiw ira to ko todong a miselic a ’icel, dengan ni John Kennedy ato ci Joe Biden o Tingsokiw a mitooray, o kasarekad o congtong no Amilika sahetoay o Kristokiw mitooray.

I 2007 miheca a nisa’osian a tilid[109]:

Kristokiw - 51.3%

Tingsokiw – 23.9%

Awaayay ko pitooran – 16.1%

Roma ano eca caayay pahapinang – 2.5%

Mormonism – 1.7%

Orthodox kiwkay – 1.6%

Yotayakiw – 1.4%

Buddha – 0.7%

Islam – 0.6%

I cemahaday to kitakit, o Amilika a pitooran talolong to sakikitakit. Nikawrira o Amilika i kasakanatal ira ko kasasiromaan. O Amilika masinanotay mi’imeray a Kristo ’aloman i katomol ato tenok kaetip a kasa kanatal, ’alomanay o nikapolongan (kong-he) a sician a kasarekad micokeray, katimolay kohetingay tamdaw sa’etal, kawali ka’amisay ato kaetip mililisay to riyar kanatal a mitooray o mafohatay ko faloco’, o no nikapolongan (min-co) a sician a kasarekad micokeran.

Katimolay kanatal, o katimolay Amilika a paino’ay sata’akay kiwha, ikor o Methodist kiwkay; i kawali ka’amis o New England sa’etal ato mingataay to Mexico a lilis niyaro’, o Tingsokiw ko micalapay, nawhani itiraay tamdaw ’aloman nai Europe Tingsokiw sa’etal (tinako katimolay Bavaria no Germany, Ireland, Italy ato poland) mafolaway a teloc, ano eca ka’amisay Amilika roma a niyaro’ (tinako Quebec ato Puerto Rico) mafolaway a teloc, katimolay o nai Mexico a Latin Amilika mafolaway a teloc. Romaroma niyaro’ no Amilika sa’etal a Kristokiw tamdaw o masasiromaay kiwha mapapolongay.

Talacowa ’alomanay Amilika a mitooray paso’elin to Fa^elohay Kristokiw, nikawrira nawhani o Fa^elohay mitooray o kasasirma no kiwha, orasaka Tingsokiw o ’alomanay ko mitooray, orasaka o Tingsokiw mitooray o nai Latin Amilika a teloc mafolaway sakatongal, takaraw ko nikasofoc nangra ira ko sapadang matingal ko mitooray no Amilika, mangalef o Tingsokiw. O Mormonism a ’icel caay ka eca o sasikolen.

Syakay ato saki’orip (社會與生活)

United states（美國）

Itini i 38 00 N, 97 00 W, noNo’amisan Amilika ko United states. Polong no sekalay i 9,833,517 sq km “saka 3 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 9,147,593 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 685,924 sq km ” Polong i 323,995,528 ko tamdaw.

sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen a sera 44.50%, Malo no kilakilangan a sera 33.30%, malo no roma to a sera 22.20%.

siyoto(首都) O Washington, DC ko Siyoto.

katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakapito 4 a romi’ad.

O Sawara’an no kitakit anini i ci Joe Biden, patirengan a romi’ad i 2021 a miheca saka 1 folad saka 20 a romi’ad.

Pikafitan i papotal(外部連接)

• CIA
• 外交部
• List of current heads of state and government