Pakiratohay

Pakiratohay (福音派，Evangelicalism)

1. Lekakawa: (一、定義：)

O ratoh ci Yis, i laloma’ay ni Kristo o caci’orip, mipatenakay to ratoh a tamdaw. Pakiratohay (Evangelical) – palamitan nai Kirisiya a sowal to evangelion, “I laloma’ ni Kristo malaheci ko nga’ayay Ratoh no Kawas”.

I 1846 miheca ci Tomas Kalmes (Thomas Chalmers) paso’elin to Ratohan a lekakawa:

O katayni no Tapang ato pitefoc.

O so’elin no Fangcalay cudad (infallibility) ato awaay ko moraraway harateng (inerrancy).

Tolo a malacecay a sowal.

Katoled no tamdaw.

Tona pipaso’elin a malamo’ecelay.

O Fangcalay ’Adingo mafalic a malatadamaanay.

James D. Hunter paratatenga to pakiratohay harateng:

1. Awaay ko moraraway harateng no Fangcalay cudad.

2. O kalaKawas ni Yis ato pipa’orip, o nano misimeday a mi’imeray to to’as a paso’elin.

2. Likisi: (二、歷史：)

Pakiratohay a sowal nai 16 sician, itiyaay a mifalicay to pitoor a tamdaw o nian ko pahapinang to Loma Tinsokiw to pakayraan, caay ko cecay no kiwha. Pakiratohay doedo sanay to no mifalicay to pitoor ko sakaira no pasi’adingo a onto, tinako: misarocoday, makoracay a pitoor, o katadamaan i sakitekedan a pitaneng to ratoh.

I 1817 miheca Lote ato Toic pifalic pitoor a mapapolongay kiwkay koya Ratohan kiwkay, anini i Amilika a Lotekay oya to mipakafit to Ratohan sanay a ’alomanay a Sinyi pakayraan (Evangelical Lutheran Church of America, samamoko’ sowal ELCA). I “Biographical Dictionary of Evangelicals” a tilid ci Lote, Kalfin, Makoracay pitoor, Wisli, tapi’elalay kakeridan ci Jonathan Edwards, (1703-58) mapacod i Pakiratohay.

I 19 sician, ni Ji Moody a piparatoh ma’awid mapalowad ko ikoray kiwkay, ’aloman ko mala mitooray a tamdaw, nikawrira o nipatenakan saheto o saikoray a pisemsem a satefoc, pasimisimeday ko pipaso’elin. O sasowalan to, Pakiratohay caay koya aniniay a fa’elohay a kiwha, nawhani o kawasan o nai torokosay a to’ekan (ngalef no sarakatay kiwkay), tenokan sician, mangalef o no pifalican to pakayraan a harateng.

3. Kasasiaotal: (三、分佈：)

Oni Hunter, James D nitilidan Amilika Pakiratohay (American Evangelicalism): Pidama to pitooran a aniniay karorayan, Rutgers State Daykako, (1983) matisil palamitan no 4 Pakiratohay kiwkay:

Paceno’kay: Southern Baptist Church, Disciples of Christ, Church of Christ, Plumouth Brethren

Makoracay (Holiness)-Mafolosiay onto (Pentecostal) rayray:

Makoracay onto: Wesleyan Church, Church of Nazarene, Church of God, Church of Christ.

Mafolosiay ha: Church of God, Full Gospel Church, Association Assemblies of God.

Mifalicay pakayraan: Christian Reformed Church, Reformed Church of America, Orthodox Presbyterian Church, Lutheran--Missouri Synod.

Miliyaw paino’ha: Mennonite Church, Mennonite (General Conference) Church, Evangelical Friends Alliance.

Webber, Robert E. nitilidan “Kalecadan palamit” (Common Roots): A Call to Evangelical Maturity, Grand Rapids：Zondervan, (1978) matisil palamitan no 14 Pakiratohay kiwkay:

(1) Midamaay sakapot (1. 基要派：)

I 1910 miheca ci R. A. Torrey mirina’ to 12 tilidan to sapidama to paso’elinen: wacay no so’elinay sowal (The Fundamentals ：A Testimony to the Truth), pa’aca 250 ’ofad tilid, sarakatay midemak “Midamaay kapot” (Fundamentalism) a sowal, mapalowad ko nian onto. Toya romi’adan, palowad ko “Fangcalay cudad kakoyin” (Bible Institute), sapico’ay to sapisafaloco’ no Sinkakoyin to sakifana’, misarocod to Fangcalay cudad ato ’Adingoan ’orip ko sapilaha, kasasico’ay to pakoniraay. Orasaka madamaay sakapot nai Ratohay sakapot masadak, “misimeday” sanay ko pitahidang (obscurantism), mifelihay to rofirof sanay to pakayraan a faco.

Misa’icel ko Midamaay sakapot to limaay ka’imeren a pitoor:

Awaay ko moraraway no Fangcalay cudad.

Pakayni i limecedan a fafahiyan ko kasofoc ni Kristo tayni hekal.

Tadamaanay ko pili’aca to raraw ciwcika ni Kristo.

Miliyaw ma’orip nai patay ko tireng ni Kristo.

O tatayni ho ko tireng ni Kristo. O Bob Jones University, American Council of Christian Churches, ato Sword of the Lord a dayhiw.

Faloay tadamanay no Midamaay sakapot:

Hinapec to misahecian no nifana’an ato kakak, saan maserer mala mifelihay harateng.

Paratatenga to pa’araw no Fangcalay ’Adingo, matiya o kikay misaliyaliyaw ko tilid. Orasaka mihakeno to no Fangcalay cudad a ira ko tamdawan ato ponka a tadamaan, caay ka paretatenga o aira ho ko pifelih ato pisapinang to pisaheciaw to Fangcalay cudad.

No Inkiris a mitilida to Fangcalay cudad matiya o paysinay ko harateng. Minengneng ho ono Kawas a nipa’arawan. Orasaka, caay pikihar to matatodongay to nano sowal a misaheci.

Pisaheci to sowal (doedoen ko nano Fangcalay cudad ko pisaheci), orasaka caay pikihar to sakiniyaro’ a radiw, masimeday, misafocoan.

Masasiliyasay ko harateng to kiwkay, caay pihamon to kalacecayan onto ato kapolongan no hekal kiwkay a yofayof.

Mihadepecay pinangan to saki ponka, saka latiih a masasiepec to roma finacadan ato sakacowat no kawasan a fana’.

Pihayda aca to ciolahay no tamdaw ato masakawananay a sician, miliyang to pasisyakay noRatoh.

Paso’elin to ’ayaway patek mihecaan a sakatayni hekal a haratang. O itiyaay sifana’ ko pisaheci to nipali’ayawan, halo caayay kacitodong a midamaay a Sionan.

’Aloman ko Midamaay sakapot a tamdaw, halo tata’akay mo’ecelay kiwha “Katimolay Amilika paceno’ kiwkay”, misa’imer sa midoedo tonini faloay nisafaloco’an. O caayay ko mahoracay ticukako ko Kristokiw, ocecayay nitanengan a harateng. Nikawrira, tekedan ni tanengan, citolas i sowal no Kawas.

Orasaka polong no nitenengan saka’adingo, o aitini i salaloma’an no Fangcalay cudad a mitaneng to pa’araw. Pitaneng caay ka nga’ay mikaway to Fangcalay cudad, caay ka nga’ay mifelih to Fangcalay cudad. Ci Scott paretatenga to Midamaay sakapot “Mihakeno to i laloma’ay no Fangcalay cudad tamdawan ato tadamaan no ponka”. Ano so’elin haw i, caay ko matamaay. O Fangcalay cudad ira ko tamdawan, sanek no tamdaw. Dengan o pipatakaraw no Midamaay sakapot to Fangcalay cudad a sowal no Kawas, pa’araw no Kawas, likat no Kawas, tilid no Kawas, onini haw i caay ko matamaay, sa’elinay koni.

(2) To’ekan (2. 時代主義（Dispensationalism）：)

O cecay harateng no Kawasan, i kasa kiwha ira ko mitooray. Tonini a kiwha pala pitoen ko to’ek no Fangcalay cudad[1], o nian ko parana’an pisaheci to Fangcalay cudad. Ono Fangcalay cudad hakasi ci Scofield (C. I. Scofield,1843-1921), i 1909 miheca nai Oxford daykako mirina’ pasadak to “Scofield Bible”, pa’icel to midoedoay to kahacecay no sowal ko pasaheci, patireng to to’ekan misaheci a faco ato ’ayaway patekan miheca (Premillennialism) ’ayaw no kalatiih a nisowalan. Ikor no saka cecay no hekal malalood, ’aloman ko paso’elinay to saka tekop no hekal, masasikihar cangra to paherekan. ’Alomanay salikaka no kiwkay paso’elinay miliyaw katayni ci Kristo, i Yirusalim mala hongti to cecay patek sanay sifana’, o nian koya ’ayaway a patekan miheca a kiwha, o niaanan koya tadamaanay no Midamaay sakapot. O Moody Bible Institute, Moody Press, ato Moody Monthly a dayhiw. Tadamanay sinkakoyin o Dallas Theological Seminary.

(3) Masimesay Ratohan: (3. 保守福音派：)

Masimesay Ratohan caay ko kiwha, Masimesay Ratohan o misiikeday to da’ecoay midamaay a mitooray. Saki awaay ko patelac no Fangcalay cudad nanay i, Mihai ko ’alomanay ci Graham foksian a pinengneng, patalahakal to kaciKawas ni Kristo, caay ko pipaso’elin to kahacecay tilid no Fangcalay cudad a pa’arawan sowal (inerrancy). O i National Alliance of Evangelical, Billy Graham, Wheaton College, Gordon- Conwell Theological Seminary, Trinity Theological Seminary, Christianity Today (Journal) ko malodaykiw.

(4) Mitifacay kiwha: (4. 超教派（Nondenominational）：)

Palolalen to nano Fa’elohay katatelekan kiwkay, misiked i niyaro’ a kiwkay. O i Saddleback Community Church, Willow Creek Church, & Milligan College ko malodayhiw.

(5) Miliyaw paino’: (5. 重洗派（Anabaptist）：)

O i Goshen College (Mennonite）, John Howard Yoder (theologian) ko malodayhiw.

[1] No to’ekan pala pito to to’ek no Fangcalay cudad, “Kalipahakan to’ek”, “Koemiay faloco’ to’ek”, “Tamdaw pikowan to’ek”, “Rikec to’ek”, “Sini’ada to’ek”, saikoray o “Patekan miheca to’ek”.

I’ayaw kaciraraw oya “Kalipahakan to’ek”, ikor ira ko “Koemiay faloco’ to’ek”, ta o “Tamdaw pikowan to’ek”, tangasa ni Apraham, Isak, Yakop o “Sangasaw to’ek”, ni Mosi o “Rikec to’ek”, Fa’elohay katatelek to’ek o “Sini’ada to’ek”, ikor i o “Patekan miheca to’ek”.

Ono To’ekan pisiiked misaheci to Fangcalay cudad (“siiked misaheci to Fangcalay cudad” oya samaanen pahapinang misaheci ko sowal no Kawas), pakayni kadadotdot no Fangcalay cudad, a misaheci to kadadotdot a midemakan no Kawas, o nianan koya kasato’ek a misaheci o masamaanay ko piroyroy no Kawas to tamdaw.

6. Reformed: O i Calvin Theological Seminary (Christian Reformed Church), Covenant Theological

Seminary (Presbyterian Church in America), Reformed Theological Seminary (Reformed Presbyterian

Church) malo dayhiw.

12. Progressive (openness toward critical scholarship and ecumenical relations) : O i Fuller Theological

Seminary malo dayhiw.

I 19 sician a Midamaay sakapot kaiyofan a to’ek. I 1881 miheca ci Princeton hakasi toya B. B. Warfield & A. A. Hodge awaay ko raraw no Fangcalay cudad i likisi ato i kakak saan. Mala kahinapecan no itiyaay Amilika Cilokay Niw York Union Sinkakoyin ci Charles A. Briggs hakasi. I 1890 miheca pakayni i Sokay mihayda to ni Briggs pipatiko kasasowalen, nika caay ka layapen ni Briggs, nanoya malaplap no Sokay, nika o micokeray ko Union Sinkakoyin ci Briggs, o keter sa liyas sato Ciwlokay.

I 1910, 1916, 1923 mihecaan a Amilika Ciwlokiwkay Sokay mihecaan laoc o Midamaay sakapot maawid. Nika caay ka halafin, 1925 miheca Ciwlokay miliyaw haca masadak ko Midamaay sakapot ato imatiniay a kalaliyangan. Oya Fa’elohay katatelek hakasi ci Gresham Machen miliyang to sakowan, malaplap ko kalasingsi. I 1929 miheca miliyas cingra i Princeton, itira i Philadelphia patireng to Westminster Sinkakoyin. I 1934 miheca mikomod to sa’elinay Ciwlokay (Orthodox Presbyterian Church) a sa’ayaway kakeridan.

Likisi no Fuller Sinkakoyin (George Marsden tilid, Reforming Fundamentalism : Fuller Seminary ＆ the New Evangelicalism -1995)

Fuller Sinkakoyin (Fuller Seminary), nai 1947 miheca mapatireng, Ratohan misitapang lomowad. Ci Charles E. Fuller (1887-1968) ato kawasan hakasi ci Harold J. Ockenga, mikotod ci Machen miliyas to Princeton tayra Westminster mitilid. Misawad ci Ockenga i 1930 miheca, tangasa i Boston Park St. Congregational Church a matayal kiwkay, nanoya i Fuller Sinkakoyin mala sarakatay a mal a’isidan. O pisafaloco’ sapi patirengaw i pasaetip to siiked no Westminster pitilidan. Ci Ockenga i 1957 miheca misiiked to Fa’elohay Ratoh, misa’icel to no ponka pala harateng pisafa’eloh. Oya kasalalan no kawasan palecadan to no Midamaay sakapot lalowadan, itira i pinangan ko sasiromaan. Mapatesel ko cango’otay no Midamaay sakapot, mi’eses to Midamaay sakapot:

1. Moraraw ko pinangan, dengan i nifana’an ko kalaliyang, cango’ot ko pidemak, adihay ko hinapec a halilood.

2. Moraraw ko halaka, misafola ko piliyas.

3.Moraraw ko pahecian, caay pisapinang to kafalic no kawasan ato rakat no syakay, caay pikihar to cango’ot no syakay.

Pasafaloco’ cingra manga’ay masasowal to masamaamanay imatiniay kawasan ato harateng. Nika oyaan to a tosa kasasiroma no lalan – “misorikor to aniniay kawasan” (awaay ko raraw no kamayan tilid), ni Carl F. H. Henry ko todong dayhiw; ato “misi’ayaw to aniniay kawasan” (awaay raraw no pipasifana’ ato pakiraan), oni Bernard Ramm, Donald. G . Bloesch ko todong dayhiw. Ci Carl F. H. Henry ko kakeridan ni pasaifana’. Nahani ni Ockenga cango’ot ko tayal i kiwkay, oya 34 mihecaan ci Carl F. H. Henry ko cacitodong.

Sa’ayaw ni Charles E. Fuller patireng to Fuller Singkakoyin, misi’ayaw to ni Bela Vassady caayay ka ciraraw ko sapipaso’elin a Fangcalay cudad, pasifana’ay ni Fuller a harateng, saka liyas sato ci Bela to Fuller Singkakoyin. I 1962 miheca ira ko “Kohetingay saka enem” ato “Awaay ko raraw no Fangcalay cudad” a masasiliyang masasowal. Kaoratan oya caayay pihayda paso’elin i sa’ayaw misiday i Fuller. Caay kafalic ko nipaso’elinan no Sinkakoyin (1963-64), ikor no tosa miheca (1965-66) mapalasawad masisit “awaay ko nisidayan, to mihecahecaan masasitelek ato caayay ka kahi miliyas to Singkakoyin” sanay a tilid.

Masamatira oya mi’imeray to awaayay ko raraw no Fangcalay cudad sanay a malasingsiay madadoedo a miliyas, oya mato’asay miliyas ato mapatay, oya awaayay ko raraw no Fangcalay cudad sanay a patonekan nai ci Daniel Fuller (wawa ni Charles E. Fuller) a nipaso’elinan a maliyaw ko tilid.

Orasaka mitiliday sito no Fuller Singkakoyin to nano Fangcalay cudad a pa’arawan sanay harateng nanoya sa a mafalic. Mangalay ci Fuller to wawa ningra micada to tayal i Fuller Singkakoyin. Tona caay ka kahi ci Ockenga miliyas to katayalan ningra a kiwkay, saka patorod hanto i kamay ni Carnell to pikerid a mala yinciw, ikor sapakonira sato i Pisalamaan a lalan no Boston a Kongli kiwkay ko tayal.

Oya Fuller Singkakoyin miraay to nano Fangcalay cudad ko parana’an, micomod to i kasapakayraan no tamdawan a kiwha. Karorayan no Fuller patireng 10 miheca mihaydaan no Amilika Singkakoyin kalekapot (Association of Theology Schools-1957). Ikor no kohetingay saka enem, o pinangan to no Fuller a Midamaay sakapot, ma’awid to no Pakoniraay kiwkay ko pakayraan.

Radical(Moral, social, and political consciousness) : O i Sojourners, The Other Side malo dayhiw.

Pakoniraay kiwha (Mainline):

Movements in Major denomination : O i Methodist, Lutheran, Episcopal, Baptist 和Presbyterian Churchmalo dayhiw.

I 1967 miheca Ratohan nipolong demak (United Evangelical Action) mikawit Bruce Shelley to pisilsil. Amilika Ratohan sepatay a pakayraan ko kalakapot, i 1980 miheca ira ko 25000 ’ofad no salikaka:

a. Micomoday “Polong no kitakit Ratoh yofayof” a kiwha: halo rafasay no 40 mimingay kiwha ato pina mita’elifay to kasa kiwha a citodongay.

b. Micidekay Ratohan: halo Fangcalay cudad kiwkay, micidekay ceno’kay, Ciwlokay, Wesleyans, caayay ko kiwha a sakapot kiwkay.

c. Caayay pikapot to NCC ato WCC: Amilika katimolay ceno’kay, ira ho Kristo kiwkay, Lute Missourikay, Nazarethkay.

d. Mikapot malacecayay onto: mikihatiya malacecayay onto a kiwkay, ira ko 1/4 tangasa 1/3 ko Ratohan paso’elinay.

4. Pisahecian: (四、結論：)

Aniniay no Ratohan poso’elin hakasi, tadamaan ko sakitilidan. Pakayni kacowatan, mangalef ko kalowad no kiwkay, saheto ono Ratohan. Mifalicay pitooran o nano Fangcalay cudad kodengan ’icelan ko patodongan no pifalic. Anini a Mifalicay pitooran masowal to oya mitiyaay li’etecay fa’edetay, o sasahiratengen no matayalay konini. Ratohan a patiko i Fanfcalay cudad, o nananamen no mita. O kiwkay no mita dengan o pinengneng to Fangcalay cudad ko pafaloco’an no kiwiko, patodongen to 15-20 fen no romi’adan i kahacecay no salikaka ko pinengneng to Fangcalay cudad, to romi’ami’ad misa’osi to Fangcalay cudad mitolonay ko ’orip, o saka kadofah no ’orip, o cecay mafana’ay mikansya, talapi’elalay a mitooray, o mi’oripay ci Kristoaan ko matiniay.