Notimolan kanatal finacadan a sowal i Taywan
Notimolan kanatal finacadan a sowal i Taywan (臺灣南島語族)
[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]Notimolan kanatal finacadan a sowal i Taywan, masowal o Formosa a sowal (Inkiris: Formosan languages), o adihayay kasasiiked a pipolong a sowal i notimolan kanatal sowal no finacadan i Taywan, polong no tamdaw salongan ira ko 20 ’ofad[2], milesap i sa’etal no yincuminco i Taywan, o kalosowal o sowal no kitakit i Taywan, o sowal no Tao ko polongan a sowal no Taywan yincuminco, manga’ay siikeden ko ka’amisay notimolan kanatal sowal no finacadan i Taywan, Cou, Ngudradrekai, Payuan, Pinuyumayan, Bunun ato pasawaliay no Taywan a notimolan kanatal sowal no finacadan a sowal, o kasasiroma no pisa’osi, salongan ira ko 20 tanfasa 30 ko sowal[3]. O notimolan kanatal sowal no finacadan saheto o awaayay ko tilid i ’ayaw, anini ira to ko nano tilid no Roma ko patodongan a tilid, o saka sasowal tono ina a sowal salongan ira ko 18 ’ofad a tamdaw[padetek 1]
Roma sato, o maro’ay itini i Lanyu a Tao finacadan, talacowa milecad to i Taywanay yincumin a finacadan, citodong to sowal no itiniay Taywan finacadan a sowal no Tao a sowal, nika o nisowalan no Tao masiiked itiniay i Polynesia finacadan a badan finacadan, caayay ko no notimolan kanatal sowal no finacadan i Taywan, kona caay patodongen itini a kamok. Sacisowal sa ko no Dipong o Takasago finacadan sowal saan.
Notimolan kanatal finacadan a sowal i Taywan polong no nano sowal i nitimolan ira ko nika tadamaan, itiyaay notimolan kanatal a sowal malesap i kasa’etal a pinanowan, pinalengaw, manengneng i kasasireoma no sekal ato kafafalic no romi’ad, onini pahapinang to notimolan kanatal sowal i Taywan o matelangan cira. Pakayni i sowal a pikingkiw mapasadak ko parana’an, ngalef adihayay a sowal mikingkiway paso’elin o “laloma’an no to’as” no timolan finacadan ko Taywan. Taywan yincuminco wuyinhuy a pipa’ayaw to Taywan yincuminco ato notimolan kanatal sowal finacadan a kakiharan pahapinang “Taywan yincuminco o nano notimolan kanatal sowal a finacadan… o notimolan kanatal sowal a finacadan o sadadahalay itini i hekal a finacadan; masiiked i kasa’etal i ka’etip o kawali katimol no Africa a Madagascar kanatal, milakec to Intoyang tangasa i Easter (piliyawan ma’orip) kanatal; ka’amis o Taywan, talatimol o New Zealand, o Taywan o saka’amisay a notimolan sowal finacadan a masiiked”. [4]
Lalengawan (起源)
[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]O yincumin no Taywan ato Filipin, Intonisiya kasakanatal a yincumin saheto o nano notimolan sowal a finacadan a kakiharan. Onini nai ’ayawan to’ek likisi no Taywan mafolaway a sowal o nika lalen a malecad no kasa’etal. No ka;ayaway a nisowalan, halo sowal no Micronesia, pasatomol, tenokan no katimol kanatal, kaetipay Siciniya (West New Guinea) a kitakit[6].
Taywan satakaraway kingkiwyin (1996) paratoh: “Notimolan kanatal sowal (Austronesian) roma sowal o Malay-Polynesian sowal (Malay-Polynesian), polong no hekal itiniay i kanatal a masafelaway a sowal finacadan”. Satakaraway kingkiwyin Tangafolan ponka tilid calay pasowal to, “Ma’oripay i Taywan a yincuminco, oya Tangafolan ato Kozanzoku, o saka sasowal nangra, manga’ayay saka sasowal makakihar, matiya o itiraay i Taypinyang, Intoyang a kasakanatalay adihayay a sowal a sangasaw, matiya o nisowalan no mikingkiway a sowal ‘notimolan kanatay a sowal’ (Austronesian) ato (Austronesian)” [7].
Kasasiiked a sangasaw (分類系譜)
[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]O niyaro’ no notimolan kanatal finacadan a sowal ko Taywan (臺灣被視為南島語系的原鄉)
[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]So’elin to, sa’aloman sato ko katadamaan no hakasi patalahekal notimolan kanatal a sowal I Taaywan. Mikingkiwan no hakasi a sowal no notimolan kanatal o tato’asan kamaro’an ko Taywan, ngalef o lalengawan no to’asay notimolan kanatal a finacadan ko Taywan saan (nengneng Blust 1985；Bellwood 1991).
Taer (Dahl 1976) paratatenga notimolan kanatay sowal i Taywan mana’ang ko adihayay tadamaanay notimolan kanatal a sowal, o cecay no polong notimolan kanatal finacadan a sowal. Tonini a parana’an, Payles (Blus 1982) pa’ayaw palasepat to ca’ang to notimolan kanatal finacadan a sowal: Tayal finacadan, Cou finacadan, Payuan finacadan, ato Malay – Polynesian finacadan. Ikoray to pikingkiw no Payles (Blus 1999) midotoc to ngiha, o nano Payuan finacadan a cecay ca’ang pasiikedan to, oya notimolan kanatal finacadan pala mo’etep piiked: Tayal finacadan, kaetip ka’amis finacadan, kaetip dafdaf finacadan, Cou finacadan, Ngudradrekai finacadan, Payuan finacadan, Pinuyumayan finacadan, Bunun finacadan, kawaliay no Taywan notimolan kanatal finawlan, ato Malay – Polynesian finacadan[8].
Mo’etepay notimolan kanatal finacadan a siwaay saheto itiniay i Taywan, roma itiraay i kasa kanatal no Taypinyang to awiday no 1000 a notimolan kanatal finacadan malecaday sowal a finacadan, mahapinang itiniay i notimolan kanatal a finawlan a likisi i, o Taywan iraay i notimolan kanatal a finacadan a maro’ay, sa’ayaway kahiceraan a sa’etal.
Sowal matisil (語言列表)
[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]I 2009 miheca, midotoc to paini no Linhoko kiwiko ponka sakapot, o Basai sowal, Ketagalan sowal, Maowushu sowal a 7 finacadan o awaayay to; roma, Kavalan sowal, Thao sowal a 7 finacadan o mamalasawad to, o Saiyan finacadan sowal o tadancaay to, o Atayal sowal, Pinuyumayan sowal, Bunun sowal a 9 finacadan a sowal malotayay to[9][10].
Ono kitakit nisetekan sowal no yincuminco (官方認定之原住民族語言)
[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]| Ngangan no finacadan | Kowaping | Finacadan iso pinang | Sowal |
| Saysiyat | 賽夏 | xsy | Tai sowal, Tonghe sowal |
| Thau | 邵 | ssf | Ka’amis hefong, Tapinlin |
| Kbalan | 噶瑪蘭 | ckv | |
| Amis/Pangcah | 阿美 | ami | Cikasoan, Tarawadaw, Pasawali, Falangaw, Palidaw |
| Sakizaya | 撒奇萊雅 | szy | |
| Puyuma | 卑南 | pyu | Puyuma, Katratripul, Pinaski, Kasavakan |
| Bunun | 布農 | bnn | Takitudu, Takibakha, Takivatan, Takbanuaz, Isbukun |
| Paiwan | 排灣 | pwn | Ravar(Vuculj), Paumaumaq(Pavuavua), Tjuakuvukuvulj(Sapediq, Paljiljaljiljav), Seqalu (Paqaluqalu) |
| Cou | 鄒 | tsu | Tfuya, Tapangu, Luhtu, Imucu, Kanakanavu |
| Kanakanavu | 卡那卡那富 | xnb | |
| Hlaʼalua | 拉阿魯哇 | sxr | |
| Drekai | 魯凱 | dru | Terdreka, Kongadavange, Oponoho, Vedai, Labwane, Tarumake |
| Tayal | 泰雅 | tay | Sekoleq, Malepa, Tseole, Malikoan、Mapanox, Mabaala |
| Truku | 太魯閣 | trv | Truku, Toda, Tgdaya |
| Seediq | 賽德克 |
Caayayho kapangangan a sowal no yincuminco (未正名之原住民族語言)
[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]| Ngangan no finacadan | Kowaping | Finacadan iso pinang | Sowal |
| Basay | 巴賽 | byq | Trobiawan, Linaw |
| Ketagalan | 凱達格蘭 | kae | Luilang |
| Papora | 巴布拉 | ppu | |
| Hoanya | 洪雅 | Arikun, Lloa | |
| Taokas | 道卡斯 | bzg | |
| Babuza | 巴布薩 | Babuza, Favorlang | |
| Kulon | 龜崙 | uon | |
| Pazeh | 巴宰 | pzh | |
| Kaxabu | 噶哈巫 | ||
| Taivoan | 大武壠 | tvx | |
| Siraya | 西拉雅 | fox | |
| Makatao | 馬卡道 |
Salongan (特徵)
[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]Notimolan kanatal a sowal no Taywan mana’ang i to’asan no notimolan kanatal finacadan a ponka ko tadamaan. Salalan no sakingiha i, saadihayay sowal limaay ko wina no ngiha, sadama ngiha masapinangay, caay ka sasifod; ira ko karatengay kahemaway, nika awaay ko no kowaping a ngiha. Masongila’ ko silsil no sowal, o cecay no sasowal ato adihayay a sowal masakapot, adihay ko kasangiha[16].
Itini i sasowalan, notimolay kanatal a sowal satadamaanay a salongan misarocoday, o nianan koya materekay a nga’ayay no notimolan kanatal a sowal, o nian koya notimolan kanatal finacadan a sowal i Taywan. Oya salongan misarocoday, o pi’eses to kasasowal ato kasalikel a mahapinang ko sapasowal no patodongan[17].
Sasowalan (詞彙)
[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]O kalosowal ato notimolan kanatal finacadan a sowal itini i laeno, ato mingataay to notimolan kanatal finacadan a sowal a Badan finacadan a Tao sowal ato Ibadan sowal a sasowalan kasasitiri’, oyanan a notimolan kanatal finacadan a sowal mateli sa’ayaway, o nian ko kasasotiri’an[18].
| Sasowalan | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | tamdaw | mata | waco | Romi’ad | Fa’elohay | kita | maan | lamal | |
| notimolan kanatal finacadan a sowal | *əsa
*isa |
*duSa | *təlu | *Səpat | *lima | *Cau | *maCa | *(w)asu | *qaləjaw | *baqəRu | *i-kita | *n-anu | *Sapuy | |
| ’Amis | Pasawali ’Amis | cecay | tosa | tolo | sepat | lima | tamdaw/
pangcah |
mata | waco | romi'ad | falohay | kita | o maan | namal |
| Tayal | Sekoleq | qutux | sazing | cyugal | payat | magal | 'tayal | roziq | huzil | ryax | giqas | ita' | nanu' | puniq |
| Paiwan | Ravar(Vuculj) | ita | drusa | tjelu | sepatj | lima | cawcau/
kacalisian |
maca | vatu | 'adav | va'uan | ti tjen/
ti mitja |
anema/
kemuda |
sapuy |
| Bunun | Takitudu | tasa | dusa | tau | pat | ima | bunun | mata | asu | hanian | bahlu | kata/
mita |
maz/
mikuabin tu |
sapuz |
| Puyuma | Puyuma | sa | druwa | telu | pat | lima | trau | matra | suwan | wari | bekal/
bekalan |
ta/
tayta |
amanay | apuy |
| Kasavakan | isa | zuwa | telu | pat | lima | trau | matra | suwan | wari | vekalan | ta/
inta |
eman | apuy | |
| Katratripul, | isa | zuwa | tulu | pat | lima | trau | matra | suwan | wari | vekal | ta/
inta |
eman | apuy | |
| Pinaski | isa | zuwa | telu | pat | lima | cau | maca | suwan | wari | vekal | ta/
inta |
eman | apuy | |
| Drekai | Terdreka | eea | drosa | tolo | so'ate | lima | lraomase | maca | taw'ong | vaiyana | bawa | kota konai | manema tomatoma | a'oy |
| Labwane | ea | drusa | tulru | supate | lrima | umase | maca | taupungu | vai | bauwa | kuta | manema/
aituma |
apui | |
| Kongadavange | itha | drusa | tulru | supate | lrima | umawmase | maca | taupungu | vai | bavane | kuta | manemane | apwi | |
| Oponoho | drɨga | drusa | tulru | pate | rima | cquliq | maca | atho | viene | bovva | mitia | nanu/
hmcwa |
apuru | |
| Vedai | nega | drosa | too | pate | yima | coaw | maca | atho | va'iyane | baowane | kita | manini | apoi | |
| Tarumake | neka | nosa | tulru | pate | lrima | ocao | lringao | ta'olro | menanae | vao'ae | imite | lalu/
mhcwa |
apoi | |
| Cou | coni | yuso | tuyu | sʉptʉ | eimo | cou | mcoo | av'u | hie | faeva | a'to | cuma. | puzu | |
| Saysiyat | 'aehae' | roSa' | to:o' | Sopat | haseb/
:aseb |
mae'iyaeh | masa' | 'aehoe' | hahila: | SaSo' | 'ita' | kano' | hapoy | |
| Gahau | adang/ida | dusa | turu/tu'u | sepat | xasep | saw | dauik/daurik | wazu | daali | xias | ita | asay/axay | hapuy | |
| Thau | tata | tusha | turu | shpaat | tarima | thau | matha | atu | qali | faqlhu | ita | numa | apuy | |
| Babusa | nata | naroa | naxup | napat | nahup | babosa/cho | magcha | mato | zysya | bao | torro | numma | chaû | |
| Truku | kingal/
uwin |
dha | tru | spat | rima | seejiq | dowriq | huling | jiyax | bgurah | ita | manu | tahut | |
| Seediq | Truku | kingal | dha | tru | spac | rima | seejiq | dowriq | huling | jiyax | bgurah | ita | manu | puniq/
tahut |
| Toda | kingal | dha | tru | spac | rima | seejiq/
seediq |
dawriq/
dowriq |
huling | jiyax/
diyax |
burah | ita | manu | tmahu/
mtahu | |
| Tgdaya | kingal | daha | teru | sepac | rima | seediq | doriq | huling | ali | bgurah | ita | maanu | puniq | |
| Sakizaya | cacay | tusa | tulu | sepat | lima | tademaw/
Sakizaya |
mata | wacu | demiad | baluhay | kita | canan/
mihica |
lamal | |
| Kavalan | ussiq | uzusa | utulu | usepat | ulima | lazat | mata | wasu | deddan | tasu ay | aita | niana | Ramaz | |
| Hlaʼalua | ucani | usua | utulu | upatʉ | ulima | cucu'u | vulaihli | tasau | aari | varu'u | ihlahlamu | misaini | apuhlu | |
| Kanakanavu | ucani | urucin | uturu | usʉʉpatʉ | urima | cau | vo'in | tacau | taniara | vo'oorua | iikita | neni | 'apuru | |
| Taivoan | caha | ruha | toho | paha | hima | pinalang | mata | cau | maki | vahu | kita | mang | apui | |
| Badan finacadan | Tao | asa | doa | atlo | apat | lima | tao | mata | ino | araraw | vayo | ta | ikong | apoy |
| Badan | asa | dadowa | tatdo | apat | lima | tao | mata | chito | araw | va-yo | yaten | ango | apoy | |
Paheciay (註釋)
[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]- ^ 根據Ethnologue: Languages of the World (2022)的資料。精確的數目是181,200人。未列入使用不屬於臺灣南島語的達悟語的3,800人。
Pawa’ayan (腳註)
[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]- ^ Blust, R. (1999). "Subgrouping, circularity and extinction: some issues in Austronesian comparative linguistics" in E. Zeitoun & P.J.K Li (Ed.) Selected papers from the Eighth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics (pp. 31-94). Taipei: Academia Sinica.
- ^ 109 年人口及住宅普查初步統計結果提要分析 (PDF). [2022-06-22]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2021-12-02）.
- ^ 李壬癸. The internal relationships of Formosan languages (台灣南島語的內部關係). 2006 [2019-07-17]. （原始內容存檔於2020-05-06）.
- ^ 中華民國原住民族委員會. 台灣原住民族與世界南島語系民族的關係 - 南島語族 - 平埔族及南島語族簡介 - 族群與文化. [2011-08-05]. （原始內容存檔於2011-07-01）.
- ^ 原住民族語言發展法三讀通過，原住民族語言為國家語言. 中華民國原住民族委員會. [2017-08-03]. （原始內容存檔於2017-08-01）.
- ^ 平埔文化專題. 中央研究院民族所數位典藏. （原始內容存檔於2014-08-19）.
- ^ 史前時代南島語系民族的大遷移. [2009-01-24]. （原始內容存檔於2009-01-14）.
- ^ Robert Blust. 1999. Subgrouping, Circularity and Extinction: Some issues in Austronesian comparative linguistics. In Elizabeth Zeitoun and Paul Jen-kuei Li (eds.), Selected papers from the Eighth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics, 1-54. Taipei, Taiwan: Academia Sinica.
- ^ ＜聯合國組織報告＞台灣7種語言 已滅絕. 自由時報. 2009-02-21 [2024-03-02]. （原始內容存檔於2024-03-02）.
- ^ 杜正勝. 部長序. [2019-04-09]. （原始內容存檔於2016-09-22） （中文（臺灣））.
- ^ 因iso仍未將太魯閣語及賽德克語分別開來，故兩族共用同一語言代碼。
- ^ 因iso仍未將道卡斯語及巴布薩語分別開來，故兩族共用同一語言代碼。
- ^ 因iso仍未將道卡斯語及巴布薩語分別開來，故兩族共用同一語言代碼。
- ^ 因iso仍未將巴宰語及噶哈巫語分別開來，故兩族共用同一語言代碼。
- ^ 因iso仍未將西拉雅語及馬卡道語分別開來，故兩族共用同一語言代碼。
- ^ 國立自然科學博物館，2001
- ^ 何大安、楊秀芳，2000
- ^ 原住民族語言研究發展中心. 族語千詞表. [2020-08-30]. （原始內容存檔於2021-01-29）.
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