Makoracay pitoor

Makoracay pitoor (清教徒)

Makoracay pitoor (Inkiris: Puritan) oya milongocay palasawad i laloma’ no Inkiris kitakit kiwkay to pidemak no Tinsokiw sanay a mifalicay fa’elohay pitooran salikaka, onini a tilidan i 16 sici 60 miheca to’ec a miteka, o nano Latin a tilid Purus, makoracay a sowal.

So’elinen ko sowal, makoracay pitoor caay ko fa’elohay a pakayraan, o nika fiyol no Kalfin (Calvin) harateng, paso’elinay to “Pa’ayaway sowal” miliyang to Tinsokiw a mitooray. O nano Inkiris kitakit kiwkay ko kacingangan nangra.

Paso’elin ko makoracay mitoor to ni Kalfin (Calvin) harateng a Pa’ayaway sowal ato sifana’ “Dengan o Fangcalay cudad”, maanan kiwkay ano eca kahacecay caay ka nga’ay malo rocok a sakowan ko misaheciay ato midamaay. ’Ayaway mapatay a makoracay pitoor misafaloco’ to Inkiris tamdaw patoko i Tinsokiw ci Mary saka cecay pikowanan itiya, i pikowan ni Mary hongti to ikor malafel tayra i Europ a Inkiris fa’elohay pakayraan a sacefang, ikor salong papina tamdaw malinah tayra i Amilika.

Ikor i 18 sici, “Makoracay pitoor” sanay a sowal caay to kasowal, mala likisiay to. I Europ, salong Makoracay pitoor piliyang to Tinsokiw ikor micefong to i Inkiris kitakit kiwkay a sifana’. I 17 sici tangasa 18 sici, oya Inkiris ka’amisay Amilika a Makoracay pitoor midefong to i adihayay masasiromaay fa’elohay kiwha. Roma i, mirocok to adihayay mifalicay sifana’ no Konglikay maparetatenga o mirocokay a Makoracay pitooray[1][2].

Likisi (歷史)

1559 miheca tangasa 1625 miheca.

I 1603 miheca, ci James saka cecay maro’ ini Elizabeth a St Edward anengan, pakinali ko piepec to Makoracay pitoor, milongoc cangraan mita’ong to Inkiris a hongti. Nika, itiraay i Scrooby niyaro’ a Makoracay pitoor mi’isiday salikaka (Separatists) i 1608 miheca milaliw tayra i Netherlan, nawhani itira to cangra miraoy to mapakoniraay pitoor. Nikawrira, mata’elif ko romi’ad, dadahal ko pinengneng no Netherlan to mitooray, mala saka latiih no mi’isiday salikaka, nanoya miliyas cangra to Europ, malinah tayra ka’amisay Amilika misafa’eloh to ka’oripan. Oni mi’isiday salikaka, mahayda no Inkiris itira ka’amisay Amilika 13 ko sa’etal a micalapan sara Ficiniya (Virginia) a maro’.

I 1620 miheca 7 folad, itiraay i Leiden no Netherlan a ma’isiday salikaka malinah patiko tayra i Inkiris, ikor i 9 folad mikalic to tamina “Lima folad hana haw” pasayra i Amilika. Oya laloma’ay no tamina a tamdaw salongan ira ko 100 ko mato’asay ato kaemangay itiya, itira cangra i tatiihay riyar romakat toya Tasiyang tosa a folad tangasa i Siyi wa’a (Cape Cod) a talasekal, wata ko to semo’ot kongli to ray i Ficiniya (Virginia). ’Ayaw no katalasekal, i 11 folad 11 romi’ad matelek to nangra ko tamina “Lima folad hana haw katatelekan”, katatelekan pahapinang o mamipatireng to fa’elohay saniyaro’, pidoedoan a rikec.

I 1620 miheca 12 folad 21 romi’ad, itira cangra i ngata no Polimas (Plymouth) mahicera a paniyaro’, itiya patireng to kilang a kiwkay, i pa’aliwacan to dafak malisaot. Talacowa o polong nangra kafahekaan nga’ay ko pilakec to Tasiyang a riyar, nika i kasacekcek no rakat, masadak ko kadadenga adada, tongal to kasi’enawan romi’ad, tangasa tolo folad, makitosa ko mapatayay tamdaw.

I 1621 miheca kacanglahan, miteka cangra patireng to loma’, milada’ i Yincumin (Intian) tamdaw to sapaloma. Ira ko cecay ci Somerit (Somerset) hananay yincumin a tamdaw itira, hawikiden ningra ko mafana’ay mifalic to Inkiris sowal ci Skoanto (Squanto). Caay ko dengan a mifalic to sowal ni Skoanto, keriden ningra cangra nga’ayay pifotingan a pala, pasifana’en ningra samaaen ko pipaloma to kakaenen. I kafarawfawan, ira to ko pilitodan, mipadang cangraan masasitelek to yincumin. Onini mi’isiday Makoracay mitooray, o pipangangan ni William Bradford cangraan o “Lafang i lalan no kakarayan” (Pilgrim) saan.

Ikor to, sa’aloman sa’aloman sato ko malinahan tayni i Polimas (Plymouth), ikor no 15 mihecaan, o maro’ay itini a tamdaw marafas to 2,000 tamdaw, o kaitiraan no micalapay a niyaro’..

I 1625 miheca tangasa 1690 miheca.

Matira to, salongan Inkiris kitakit a Makoracay mitooray mitiya toya ma’isiday a salikaka, paso’elin itira roma a sekal no Tasiyang matama no niyah ko “Pafaloco’an a sera” sanay. I 1630 miheca, oya Makoracay mitooray talahekal saka’amisan no Polimas (Plymouth), itira i lawac no riyar a niyaro’ no Massachusetts patirang to kiwkay. I 1640 miheca, fa’elohay Inkelan a maro’ay salongan 2 ’ofad ko malinahay tayni. I 1691 miheca, i lawac no riyar a niyaro’ no Massachusetts ato i Plymouth niyaro’ malekatep, sa’aloman sato ko tamdaw no Makoracay mitooray, awaay to ko ma’isiday sanay itiya. so’elinay, o maro’ay i Inkelan a tamdaw saheto o Makoracay mitooray, sakitiyaay a pakayraan tata’ak ko ’icel mafiyol, o Poston (Boston) ko paterongan no pakayraan nangra.

Pitoor (信仰)

Makoracay pitoor a paso’elin, midotocay to no Geneva mifalicay pakayraan ci Yohani Kalfin (John Calvin) a sifana’. Paso’elin cangra “pali’ayaway pipili’ a sowal”, paretatenga cangra i’ayaw ri ko Kawas mipili’ cimaay tamdaw ko mamapa’orip, caayay ka pili’ no kakarayan o aitira i kasemseman mada’oc matodoh saan. ikor, oya Makoracay mitooray a patenakay mitaka pasowal to sapipasasiyol a pa’ayaw, I 18 sici a foksi ci Jonathan Edwards mihapiw a papelo, tatodong no sasowalen: “Itiraay i keter no Kawas a ciraraway tamdaw”. masongila’ ko pacekokan no tamdaw to kasemseman, katalawen no mitengilay a tamdaw, cadi’ci’en ko foloco’, mangalay cangra to roma a foksi to sahinom.

’Orip no laloma’an (家庭生活)

O nengneng no Makoracay mitooray to kararamod caay pikilim to sakarenec to kaolahen a tamdaw, o pikilim to mamenekay olahen, manga’ayay da’ocay kalawidangen, nanoya miti’er to Kawas a sadama a lalakaten. Makoracay mitooray sapipahafay to wawa a sifana’ a rarakaten lalan, mikihar cangra to tatirengan ato salo’afangan, mingodoay ato mita’ongay to Kawas a laloma’an. Nga’ayay, mi’emetay, malalen ko kasasipa’icel patireng to tamdaw ko nga’ayay no laloma’an. Ira ho, Makoracay mitooray a salikaka minanamay i laloma’an masasipatenak ato masasitayal.

Kiwiko (教育)

I 1630 miheca, tona ci John Winthrop parakat to tamina pasayra i ka’amisay Amilika a pala itiya i, pa’ayaw to madakaway a lafang, oya ka’amisay Amilika matiyaay o i tokosay a niyaro’, oya patirengay to pinayaan ato painiay i hekal to tada syakay no mitooray. O sapilaheciaw toni patosokan, kakeridan no micalapay miciwiko to Makoracay mitooray. Onini a minengnengay to syakay no kasakitakit a salongan tamdaw i, ano eca nai Oxford daykako, ano eca nai Cambridge daykako (’alomanay saheto nai Cambridge daykako), o nifana’an nangra saheto no itiraay i Europ a nikelisan. Enemay miheca ko sa’ayaway kafafolawan, kakeridan no micalapay mipatireng ito to Harvard daykako.

Nai 17 sici no 70 miheca to’ek i, polong no ka’amisay Amilika fa’elohay sera ni calapan (dengan to o Rhode kanatal) malaheci to matelek, miketon o kaemangay o maminanam to sakafana’ to tilid a palowad a kiwiko. I 1647 miheca, I Massachusetts mahayda to ko rikec, milongoc i kasaniyaro’ o mamitahidang to pasifana’ay a singsi to tilid. Masasiromaay faco a kiwiko no pitilidan, nai fafahiyan pitilidan ano eca sapalowad mitiri’ay a pitilidan (oya, o laloma’an a fafahiyan ko mami’eses to kaemangay minanam palowad mitiri’ay pitilid), Latin pitilidan (oya mafana’ay to Inkiris a fa’inayan miteka patala to Latin a sowal, Hiporay sowal, Koris sowal ko kafana’an to sowal a pitilidan) nanoyaan sa miteka. Palowad misa’osi pitilidanoya patodong fafahiyan kaemangay patosokan ko sapikiwiko, o fa’inayan miliyas to loma’ nangra misa’osi to ina, tayra i niyaro’ minanam to sowal mitilid.

So’elinay, i kasasiroma no fa’inayan fafahiyan a kiwiko matelek ko sapipasifana’. Fafahiyan mikeriday to kaemangay papisa’osi to tilid, fa’inayan pasifana’ to fa’inayan a wawa minanam to ikaskaay a safana’. Ikor i, o fafahiyan manga’ay i kofa tadamanay tayal, saki sowal pitilidan a patosokan, oya “Mi’esesay to kapah, tangasa pilayap nangra to daykako a kiwiko”, no Latin sowal pitikidan caay piala to fafahiyan (Harvard caay piala). Adihay ko sapinangan, ano o sasafaay no niyaro’ a pitilidan, palowaday misa’osi a larekoan oya i niyaro’ay 50 laloma’an ko pipatireng, nika fafahiyan a kaemangay caay ka nga’ay mikihatiya.

Lalowadan no kiwiko o sakipakayraan. O saka korac no makaracay mitooray, o mamisa’osi cangra to Fangcalay cudad. Malo 1549 miheca faloco’ a tilid maparatoh to, “Tadamaanay (Fangcalay cudad) halo saki pa’orip.” Talacowa mihayda to pisa’osi to fangcalay cudad caay ko sapatito to maamaan aca, nika mapatireng to ko parana’an no tayal, o cecay nga’ayay Makoracay mittoray, o todong no tayal ningra o saki niyah sapikilim to so’elin no Fangcalay cudad.

Paini to pisa’osi a kiwiko to saki syakay, nai “ano caay pafeli i kaemangay to sapolowad pisa’osi a kiwiko, mato’as to mala o makatalay. Saan, o “kaemangay mamisa’osi”, onini a harateng a todong, o saka “fana’ … tonini kitakit to sakidafong a rokec” (masinting nai Massachusetts no Amilika a rikec). Saki nisafaloco’ay i fa’elohay pala patireng to loma’, nai awaay misitapang patireng misanga’ to makapahay syakay no Makoracay mitooray a sakapot ani han i, kasarayray ko tadamaanay itira.

Ma’imer ko Makoracay mitooray a ka’amisay Amilika to kiwiko, mahapinang i caayay kalecad Amilika micalapay kasato’ek. Misatapangay patireng to sakanga’ay ’orip no mitooray, malengat to ponka kiwiko lalowadan. Nika ka’amisay Amilika sa’etal ato nira a kitakit caay to kalecad, tinako awaay ko niketonan singsi ano eca sakikaemangay a pidoedoan. So’elinay, dengan o Scotland, roma niyaro’ no hekal awaay ko Makoracay mitooray a sakikiwiko.

Dayhiw no tamdaw (代表人物)

O Makoracay mitooray a foksi ato kawasan hakasi a dayhiw tamdaw halo ci Yohani Owen (John Owen), Richard Baxter, John Bunyan, Matthew Henry, Jonathan Edwards, Whitefield. Adihay ko nitilidan nangra to sapikerid to salikaka saki’orip no salo’afangan, a hineknek ko mo’ecelay minanam to kawasan piadoan. Ikor, oya pinanam to kawasan malomo’ecelay sinkakoyin a sifana’, pakayniay pikingkiw i sakisalo’afang no ’orip a pakayraan, halo pihirateng, pitolon, sapilowid to salifet, minanam miolah to Kawas sanay.

Itini ka’amisay no Amilika pacalapan romi’ad, ka’amisay Amilika a Makoracay mitooray midotoc tono Inkiris a Makoracay mitooray ko pinanaman: matateko i adingoan ’orip ato syakay a pikakihatiya, oya ni Calvin ninanaman kawasan a sapilaheci[3].

Ci John Bunyan (1615-1691) o patenakay, mitiliday[4]. Kalakapahan ho ningra mafiyol no fafahi, mitekat masinanok ko ’orip. Ikor no 1660 miheca, masamsam no Inkiris kitakit a kinapinapina marofo cingra, itini i karofoan malalok misa’osi to Fangcalay cudad a makahinom, itiya miteka mitilid to “Mirakatay to no kakarayan lalan”. Onini a tilid painiay i masamaanay ka’oca’ocay, pades ato sakapot ’orip no mitooray. Patapal to salikaka inanengen to saki salo’afang a ’orip ma’ikes, saki tamdaw ato Kawasan a kakiharen, caay ko saka cingangan ato sakifaco no salikaka.

O nipohalan no paso’elin, pakalitemoh to masamaamaanay to sakalengat ato salifet no mitooray, mataneng ko katoledan ato kacitolasan no tamdaw. pakayni tonini i, o sina’ada no Kawas ko sakapilowid no tamdaw.

Ci Baxter (1615-1691) o kakeridan no Makoracay mitooray i Inkiris[5][6], I 1653 mihecaan cingra micikeroh to malafoksiay no Inkelan saki malafoksiay mitelek midemak to sakiloma’ pinanam to tilidan.  O adihayay ko painiay a kawasan tamdaw, oya “pakayraan no mitooray” (A Christian Directory ) kapolongan kawasan, sakiwayway ato salo’afangan a tilidan, masongila’ padamso sapidemak ato nitanengan pakaka ko palalan to sakisalo’afang a ’orip. Mapasetek ningra kono kawasan saki haraten ato pidemak to no kakak, pakaka to no salikaka a nitanengan palaso’elinay, o tamdaw ato Kawas a kakiharan ko sakacomahad. Miparetatenga cingra to sakatadamaan itini hekal, hinapec cingra to milinikay a micidekay, misapakoyocay, misatafihaway ko sapiliyas to hekal ko pitaneng pakayraan.

Caay ka kahi cingra to milonolay pinengneng to ’orip (contemplative life) ikaka to nidemakan no ’orip (active life) ko kafolosi, pasadak to caayay ko no hekal ko sakihekal a ’orip, pakaka ko piwacay i katayalan to o salikaka ko ’orip. Oya i, paretatenga Ingra o Kawas itini i paitemek no pinanam ato kiwkay a sapidemak ko kacisini’ada no Kawas, saka safa’elof macakat ko ’orip no salikaka.

Pinengnengan tilid. (參考文獻)

1.Miller 2008，第296頁: "Congregationalists were theologically descended directly from the Puritans of England and consequently enjoyed pride of place as one of the oldest, most numerous, and most significant religious groups in the colonies."

2.Archpriest John W. Morris (2011). "The Historic Church: An Orthodox View of Christian History". p. 438. Author House

3.廖炳堂：《靈修神學》（香港：建道神學院，2015），頁55。

4.郭鴻標：《歷代靈修傳統巡禮》信仰與生活叢書，21（香港：香港基督徒學會，2001），頁151-153。

5.廖炳堂：《靈修神學》，頁55-56。

6.郭鴻標：《歷代靈修傳統巡禮》，頁153-154。